This palace is in a park adjoining the governor's edifice in Roodsar. The main plan of the palace is rectangular, with two horse shoe shaped vicinities in the northern wing. This two-storied building with a gable roof was exclusively built as a temporary residence for Reza Shah.
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The original buildings are related to the Qajar era. These were constructed by the Russians and later renovated during the Pahlavi period. The music building was constructed on Grecian lines, as the architect was a Greek. The dome of the structure is supported by eight spherical pillars. Being utilized by the musicians of the forces, it came to be known as the music building. The ship maintenance and repair as well as the other sections, which were the modern establishments of the times, are still of interest and importance. Two custom houses and the naval base are monuments of the Pahlavi period.
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This palace was constructed under the orders of Pahlavi I, in the midst of a 17 hectare garden in the Port of Anzali. The building has an area of 1,168 sq. m. and consists of halls, saloons, chambers and other sections. On its ceilings and walls are skillful effects of plaster and embossed works. In the northern wing there is a large gateway which adjoins the parlor. On the sides of the staircases are windows imprinted with figures of the sun. The most beautiful part of the palace is the winding staircase which finds its way to the roof.
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These palaces are located in the villages of 'Maryan' and 'Aqaloo'. Zarqamol Saltaneh was one of the rulers of 'Gorgan Rood River'. Each of these palaces is composed of three divisions named as, the noble class, the barracks and the stables. The above mentioned palaces were set ablaze during the Constitutional Movement. By investing on these structures in their reconstruction, the same could be promising sight-seeing vicinities in Gilan.
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This palace is situated in the city of Hashtpar and has an architectural combination of the traditional Iranian and western styles. It dates back to the Qajar period and has a gable roof. The structure has eight doors, thereby the name of the city is 'Hashtbar', which later came to be known as 'Hashtpar' (Hasht meaning eight in the Persian language). Currently Hashtpar is called Talesh and the said palace is still a place of interest there.
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Other historical monuments are the Post Office, Iran Hotel, the ex-Commanders edifice, the Pavillion in Rasht, the Mowtamedi building, the Municipality and Dawoodzadeh buildings in Bandar Anzali, the small and large arcade, Chini Chiyan, Golshan, Mohtasham, Mirza Ahmad and Ahan in Rasht related to the Qajar era, the Sardar Amjad edifice in Talesh and the Nahar Khoran palace in Roodsar related to the Pahlavi period.
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On the eastern fringes of the Sefid Rood River in Roodbar, is a beautiful valley called 'Gowhar Rood'. Nestling in this valley are both large and small archaeological hillocks. Amongst which are the 5 hillocks of Marlik, Zainab, Beejar, Peelaqaleh and Jazemkool. These are vital and valuable remnants. Marlik is a natural hillock and its rocky structure reveals rich composites of iron sulphate.
Some research workers believe that Marlik has attained its name from the innumerable snakes that have inhabited it. (As 'Mar' means snake in the Persian language). Whereas, some believe that the treasures of Marlik are related to the Amard Clan. In the studies performed on this site, a large number of broken earthenware pieces can be noted. Moreover, in the excavations carried out two tiny statues of cows in admiralty metal, two cylindrical seals, fourteen gold buttons and other unique objects have been discovered. In this hillock, there are the remnants of a quadrangular structure with an approximate area of 30 sq. m. the same probably being a tomb or temple.
This hillock was also a site where the local commanders or princes who ruled in the 2nd or 1st millennium B.C. were laid to rest. According to the tradition of the times, the dead were buried along with their treasures. About 25 tombs have been discovered, in some of which are human carcasses, besides which, articles such as earthenware and bronze vessels, decorative buttons, arrows, swords, spears, bronze and earthenware statues, daggers, helmets etc. have been discovered. Fabrics from this site have come to hand that determine the fact that weaving was a progressive technology in Iran thousands of years ago, and more so in Gilan. About 11 seals have been discovered in these excavations, and these have interesting designs and patterns on them. There is a seal engraved in the Cuneiform script.
According to archaeologists, the same dates to a millennium B.C. Excavations of Marlik are spectacular and outstanding in the world. Valuable articles such as, gold, silver and bronze cups, chinaware and mosaic have also come to hand. The Marlik Cup is unique and is 18 cm. in height and is of pure gold. The center of which reveals the pattern of the tree of life, with two bewigged cows on either side. At the base of the cup is a beautiful flower intricately engraved.
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Other such sites in Gilan Province are : Rostam Abad, comprising of archaic cemeteries; the archaeological sites of Haleemjan and Shahran Villages, comprising of Shahpeer, Lameh Rafeen, Rak and Lat; Daylaman consisting of Qaleh Kuti, Koohpas and Hassan Mahaleh which have a long past history; Amarloo consisting of Asiabar, Damesh, Kherschak, Karafschal etc. Besides which are Gardkool, Patape Goor at a distance of 12 km. from Tonekabon (Roodbar), related to the first millennium B.C; the Imam Vasman archaeological site comprising of Boneh Zamin, Chakrud, Siyah Kooh, Imam, Semam and Kojid.
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In the village of Bond Bon Qasem Abad, there is an ancient tower rising to an altitude of 12 m. which was utilized for defensive purposes. This tower is a part of a huge castle, and a watch tower which is in its south wing, overlooks the Bond Bon Village. This still is intact as there are no other remnants of the main structure, except for a stony rampart.
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This important and historical castle is situated 16 km. to the south east of Fooman. The same is an immense and fortified structure, covering an area of 5 hectares. It is built of stone, brick and mortar. The only entrance is to the south east, adjacent to which are two defense towers. There is a flow of water within the premises throughout the year. Although with the passage of time, the growth of shrubs has caused damage to the castle, it can be stated that the same is one of the most intact castles in Iran. According to some valid historical documents, this structure was one of the fortified bases of the Esmailians. A group of experts believe that this castle dates to the Samanian period and was renovated several times in the past.
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The same is located on a hill in the Hareh Dasht region, 18 km. from Talesh. It is constructed of stone, mortar, a kind of white mortar and brick. This magnificent structure is relevant to the Saljuqi period. It comprises of an alcove, sentry picket, water reservoir and stable. Its mode of architecture is indicative of an ancient culture and civilization in the region. From the point of tourism and historical researches this historical castle is very important.
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Other castles of the province are: The Gol Castle near Keesh Khani Masal; the Teimoor-e-Lang Castle in Alian; the Allah Dadeh Kooh en route to Kord Mahaleh; the Chehel Gaz Khal Castle in the Sheer Kooh village; the Shanidan Castle to the west of Astara; the Mazu Dasht Castle in the Roodga Gorge; the Tul Lat and Dozdban Castle en route from Lahijan to Langerood; Mojaver Castle in Astara; Tarom Castle in Roodbar; the Alan Kalong Castle in Kojid village and Kafer Castle in Daylaman.
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The tomb of this Gnostic lies in Bazkia Goorab, between Astaneh Ashrafieh and Lahijan. The mausoleum is an archaic brick structure. Its flooring is of green ancient tiles and its court-yard covered with rounded arches, with an indiscreet dome under the ceiling. Other spectacular features of this structure are its intricate work of vaulted gypsum and earthenware.
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The same is located in the Zalkeh Village of Lahijan. It is a rectangular structure with four porches on the four sides. There are four columns facing the entrance. These have been carved exquisitely according to traditional design. The tomb has a chest dating 948 A.H. Sheikh Abolvajieh was a great Gnostic of his times who lived in the early 9th century A.H.
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Dr. Mohammad Moein, a great personality in the field of Persian literature was the compiler of the Persian Encyclopedia. This tomb attracts those devout to the literature of the land.
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The said tomb is located on a hillock overlooking the tea plantations of Lahijan. Haji Mohammad Mirza, reputedly known as Kashef-ol-Saltaneh, impersonated as an army general set off for India. Here he learned the tea planting expertise and brought back saplings of the same to Iran. This personality was responsible for setting up tea plantations in the region of Lahijan after much endeavor. Those connected to this industry in Gilan owe their livelihood to this great man.
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The tomb of Mirza Kuchak Khan Jangali, reputedly known as Sardar-e-Jangal is located in the south of Rasht. This simple and at the same time beautiful monument is held in high respect of all who visit the vicinity.
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The same is located at a distance of 3 km. North West of the city of Astara. This personality is a great and honored Gnostic. The structure is an archaic one and has been constructed of brick. There is a slab of marble in its anteroom, which is beautifully engraved with floral design and displays the date of 942 A.H.
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The said is located in the village of Darsara, 5 km. to the east of Rezvan Shahr. Due to holding the great Gnostic and poet of the 8th century in high esteem, the vicinity has come to be known as Seyed Sharaf Shah or Seyed Sharafeddin. The structure is a large one and is constructed of brick and marble. There is another tomb in this village which is believed to be that of the mother of Seyed Sharaf Shah.
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This historical structure is situated in the Sheikhanvar village of Lahijan. The same is relevant to Tajeddin Ebrahim or Sheikh Zahed Gilani. The structure covered with earthenware tiles is of a pyramid shape, with a pointed dome and ceiling of plaster work. The only inscription on the wooden chest on the tomb reveals the date of 832 A.H. The architectural style of the structure displays the effects of the 8th or 9th century A.H. The same has been on record in Iran.
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Other tombs of the province are as follows: the Mir Shah Mahmood tomb in Lasht Nesh; Baba Vali in Daylaman; Mir Shamsedin Lahiji in Lahijan; Aqa Seyed Hossain Kiya in Astaneh Ashrafieh; Aqa Seyed Marandi in the east of Manjil; Peer Hassan and Peer Masoud in the north east of Lahijan; Soltan Mahmood Shah Dinvari in Khotbeh Sara; Soltan Mohammad Kiya in Lahijan; Peer Mahaleh Mausoleum in the Rankoo village of Roodsar; Aqa Seyed Ebrahim in Roodsar; ; Molla Aaqel Mausoleum in Lahijan; Aqa Seyed Qasem, to the east of Koochesfahan; Seyed Ali Qaznavi in Lahijan; Mir Shamseddin in Lahijan, Mir Nezameddin and the tomb of Dr. Heshmat in the Cheleh Khaneh locality of Rasht.
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The same was built by Haj Aqa Bozorg Monajem Bashi during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, and was the old route from Lahijan to Langerood. This bridge spans over the Langerood River. It is 37 m. in length, with two arches supported by thick pillars.
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Also known as Shah Abbasi by the local inhabitants, this caravansary lies 35 km. south of Rasht. The same is devoid of any inscriptions, but according to historical texts, it was built in the year 1246 A.H. It has a square shaped yard with seven platforms and chambers. Its brick and mortar entrance is located in the east wing.
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Prior to the construction of the present Qazvin - Rasht Highway, and the new concrete bridge, the Old Loshan Bridge was the only means of connection across the Shah Rood River. Some researchers claim that it was built in the times of Khosrow Khan Gorji, the governor of Gilan during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar. But it seems to be a construction of the 9th century A.H. It is 102 m. in length, and has two small and two large arches. A large chamber at the base of the bridge provides shelter for caravans. The said bridge is a part of the history of the province.
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The Mian Poshteh Bridge is the bridge connecting the provinces of East Azarbayjan and Gilan. It was constructed in Mian Poshteh and Qazvin during the reign of Pahlavi I. Its length is 210 m. with a width of 10 m. and is of concrete. The same is one of the spectacular works of engineering in the current century. The bridge was completed in 1938. Another bridge 127 m. in length connects the Port of Anzali to Mian Poshteh and crosses the Anzali Wetland. It has three arches of which one measures 25 m.
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The same is located at a distance of 6 km. south west of Roodsar, and is on the Tamijan River, and related to the Safavid period. The foundation is made of brick, the floor is of stone and has four wide arches. Its length is 60 m. with a width of 5 m. There are a few chambers within the bridge, so as to shelter travelers.
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On the way from Lahijan to Daylaman is a small and ancient caravansary constructed of brick, stone and gypsum. The same dates back to the Safavid era. Its founder was Khanom Titi, an aunt of one of the Safavid rulers. The exterior walls are constructed of pebbles and mortar, and its interior sections of brick and gypsum. A part of the entrance is an octagonal vestibule with a spherical brick ceiling. It has two balconies overlooking the yard.
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These are the followings: The Lishavandan Bridge (Qajar period), Gaz Roodbar Bridge in the old Someeh Sara Road (Qajar era), the old bridge of Shafa Rood in Talesh (Qajar period), the Kheshti Bridge in Lahijan, the Kheshti Tajan Gookeh Lahijan Bridge (Qajar period), and the Kheshti Niyakoo Bridge en route from Lahijan to Rasht (Safavid period).
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One of the ancient houses of Langerood is the Darya Beigi house, one of the reputed families of Gilan. It is a double storied structure, and the rooms on the upper floor have latticed sash windows. This house has two large wooden doors with spikes and knockers. Flanking the doors are mantles with ancient mirrors. Each floor has three chambers, each accompanied by a beautiful balcony. The hall is adorned with paintings and valuable plaster work of the Qajar period. The interior adornments of this house are the important historical and artistic works of Gilan.
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The said is located in the Feshkalay locality, near the Sabzeh Maidan square in Langerood. This house belongs to the Monajem Bashi household, and is composed of the interior and exterior segments, private quarter, a mosque, bath and stables. Between the entrance and hall is a vestibule, which is connected to the upper floor by stairs. The upper floor comprises of a hall and three chambers. The adornments of the former depict the architectural effects of Gilan in the Qajar era. Four exquisite sets of doors displaying shrubs and floral designs, adjoin the chambers to the hall. This structure is registered as a national monument by the Cultural Heritage Organization.
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Other ancient houses of the province which are mostly relevant to the Qajar period are: The houses of Haj Mirza Ahmad Abrishami (Rasht), Ayatollah Aqa Roodbari (Rasht), Dewan Beigi (Rasht), Mohammad Sadeqi (Lahijan), Dawoodzadeh (Rasht), Haj Seyed Hashem Bahrani (Rasht) and Sardar Mowtamed Rashti.
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The above mentioned is one of the primary structures of the early Pahlavi period. It is located en route from Rasht to Anzali, and is the first school building in Gilan which is constructed on modern lines. The same is on national record. There is also another ancient school by the name of Shaheed Beheshti in Rasht which is related to the Qajar period.
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These bazaars are vicinities where various commodities are supplied, such as eatables and essentials that are commonly utilized. Women in beautiful local apparel offer their goods for sale in these bazaars and therefore these areas are a must for tourists to visits.
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These bazaars are the most bustling areas of Gilan. They comprise of open and covered stalls, centers for trading merchandise and are usually located in the heart of the city. All kinds of goods according to the tastes of customers are sold in these bazaars. Permanent bazaars like Rasht, Astara, Talesh, Roodbar and Someeh Sara are always active. Daily bazaars are also held, where the rural folk put up their goods for sale.
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These bazaars are held on certain day of the week, and more so in the smaller cities and large villages. Here poultry, meat and other commodities can be bought.
The most important weekly bazaars of the province are:
The SaturDay bazaar in Masal, Lulman, Anzali, Lasht Nesha, Dehshal and Langerood
The SunDay bazaar in Someeh Sara, Gasht, Roodkhan, Khammam, Peerbast, Lulman, Koochesfahan and Roodsar.
The MonDay bazaar in Kapur Chal, Ziabar, Shaft, Sangar, Hindkhaleh, Khoskbeejar, Astaneh, Siyahkal, and Rahim Abad
The TuesDay bazaar in Parehsar, Fooman, Lasht Nesha and Amlash.
The WednesDay bazaar in Rezvan Shahr, Kasma, Zeedeh, Chukam, Peerbast, Lulman, Koochesfahan and Langerood.
The ThursDay bazaar in Seyed Sharaf Shah, Taher Goorab, Zarmeekh and the FriDay bazaar and the permanent bazaar on the borders of Astara.
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Situated in the central part of Someeh Sara, this minaret stands as a remembrance of the grand minarets of the Saljuqi era. The same is 29 m. high and conical in shape, and adorned with brick work. The upper part of which is in ruined state and there is no significant inscription showing its date of construction.
Other minarets are the minarets of Kaldeh and Jame' Mosques, the Kasgar Bazaar minaret, and the minaret of the Jame' Mosque in Lahijan.
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The Golshan bath is in the ancient network of Lahijan, and is relevant to the reign of Fath Ali Shah. It comprises of two cloak rooms or sarbinehs. The larger one is for public use and the smaller for the elite. Internally it is an irregularly octagonal in shape, with eight cylindrical stone pillars supporting the brick domed ceiling.
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Other ancient baths of the province relevant to the Qajar era are: Haj Aqa Bozorg, Peersara, Haji in the township of Rasht; the ancient Kiakalayeh and Haj Mirza Ahmadi baths in Langerood, the Daylaman bath in Lahijan, the ancient Aqoular bath in Talesh, and the ancient baths of Golshan and Taher Goorab in the township of Fooman, related to the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods.
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To the south of the Komani village lays the above mentioned graveyard. Earthenware pieces as well as stones used for its construction, dispersed on the surface of the hillock, reveal the various Islamic civilizations that had a hold in this area. On the steep western slope of the hillock is an archaeological cemetery dating to the first millennium B.C., or the Parthian period. In this graveyard two types of graves can be noted. The first date to the early first millennium B.C. and are in the form of pits. The second are of the Parthian age and these graves are laid out. The corpse was laid on its right side and in a curved manner resembling a fetus. Objects such as grey colored earthenware, various kinds of urns, and articles used as adornments have come to hand in this cemetery.
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This cemetery is situated on the outskirts of the Komani Village, in the plains of 'Miarkesheh'. The same encompasses an aggregate of tombs related to the Sassanid period. Objects such as silver coins, related to the late Sassanid era, that is from the reigns of Hormoz IV and Yazdgerd III (632-651 A.D.), have been discovered in this vicinity. Besides which, weapons made of bronze and iron in various shapes have also come to hand. In order to cover the tombs, slabs of stone have been laid in layers. Articles within the tomb were either placed above the head or facing the deceased.
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The said is located at a distance of 2 km. from the village of 'Shah Jan', one of the enriched archaeological sites of Gilan. Remnants of crypt-like tombs of the Achaemenian era, tombs of the Parthian period, and those related to the early Islamic period can be observed here. On the level, as well as rocky surfaces, the remains of a castle of the Islamic period (relevant to the Esmaili sect) can be seen. Besides this graveyard, scattered pieces of earthenware in this cemetery dating to the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries A.H. are also evident.
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These are as follows: The Lashkastan Graveyard, the Sanjed Dareh Graveyard, the ancient Zargar Cheshmeh Graveyard and the Balla Mahaleh Komani cemetry.
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The same is an example of the evolution of architecture during the first decade of the Pahlavi reign. Built according to the western standards by German or Armenian architects, this aggregate is of importance due to these architectural techniques. Hence it is registered as a national monument by the Cultural Heritage Organization.
Other historical relics are: The Anzali Clock Tower (Qajar period), and the tower in the Clock square in the central square of Rasht (Pahlavi period).
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This mosque is located in the locality of Gabeneh, and is claimed to be the remains of a mosque dating back to the 4th century A.H. During the Safavid and Qajar periods it was reconstructed. According to an inscription dating 1239 A.H., a new mosque was built in its place and this was known as Akbarieh. The present construction is composed of two sections. The ablution segment, the nocturnal area and the porch form the older section; whereas, the three lengthy interconnecting chambers form the new section.
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The same is a rectangular structure with a porch on the west side. The columns of the mosque have geometrical patterns with spiral designs around it. This mosque probably dates back to the Safavid period.
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This mosque is situated near the Dinachal Village and amongst its remains are the signs of plaster work and an inscription in the Kufic script revealing its long history. The Espeyeh Mosque is the oldest in Gilan and due to the passage of time is now in a state of ruin. It is composed of four vestibules and a square porch. The said resembles a Zoroastrian fire-temple that existed before the advent of Islam. There is a possibility that the current structure has been constructed in place of the ancient one.
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The same is one of the reputed constructions of the province, built in the year 1206 A.H. located in Lasht Nesha, and registered by the Cultural Heritage Organization. Its inscription dates back to 1318 A.H. is on the portal and nocturnal area. Around these epigraphs are tiles adorned with verses from the Holy Qoran in the Tholth script. It is a double storied construction with fretwork.
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This Jame' Mosque and its neighboring monuments, the Chahar Shah, Golshan bath and the bazaar form a cultural and historical aggregate. The mosque was reconstructed by the ruler of the times, Ali Akbar Khan, according to the Qajar mode of architecture in the year 1331 A.H. Thus, effects of the Teimoorid and Safavid eras have almost disappeared from sight.
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As a construction of the Safavid period, it is one of the beautiful religious buildings in Rasht. It is so called after Mohammad Mirza, known as Safi Mirza, the eldest son of Shah Abbas. Shah Abbas named the same Shaheedieh as it was the site of the murder of young and innocent princes. The Safi Mosque has beautiful plaster and mosaic work. Not only is it important from the historical, cultural and artistic aspects, but also from the point of tourism view.
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The said is situated 5 km. south of Kalachay and is in the dense forest region. There is a porch running throughout the structure. There are two tombs in two segregated areas here, related to the above mentioned. The structure seems to be a remnant of the Safavid era. Its entrance doors are delicately carved and the most ancient date displayed by an epigraph goes back to 842 A.H. Holy verses of Qoran have been carved around the chest on the tomb and the inscription here reveals the date of 855 A.H. A metal sculpture has replaced the wooden one.
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This mausoleum is located in the Koochesfahan locality of Rasht. The tomb is in a rectangular structure reputedly known as 'Khesht Mosque'. The womens segment is to the northern side adorned with star like dimensions. The tombstone is of marble, to the four sides of which are engraved epigraphs dating 1023 A.H. This Imamzadeh is said to be a descendant of the 7th Imam of the Shi'ite sect.
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The said is located 4 km. to the north of Someeh Sara. According to the records, the above mentioned Imamzadehs are the descendants of the 7th Imam of the Shi'ite sect. The structure is a large and archaic one. In some sections it has been adorned with green tiles of the Qajar era. This mausoleum is in the midst of a huge cemetery called Kasma, where rebels of the Jungle Movement have been laid to rest.
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This mausoleum is famously known as the 'Do Baradar' or two brothers. The same is located in Tamijan and 5 km. southwest of Roodsar. The above mentioned are believed to be the descendants of Imam Moosa Kazem (A.S.). The mausoleum is an ancient structure with three vast porches on the three sides. There is an ancient wooden latticed work chest on the tomb. The internal walls of the mausoleum are adorned with religious imprints. One of the most archaic tomb stones reveal the date of 1120 A.H. The Seyed Kolsoom Mausoleum is also located in this vicinity, and is known as Khanom Astaneh. This venue is a pilgrimage site for women.
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The said is situated at a distance of 12 km. north east of Loshan. According to beliefs this is the resting abode of one of the descendants of Imam Ali (A.S.) and that of Imam Moosa Kazem (A.S.). The structure is octagonal in shape, and has been constructed of stone and gypsum. The same consists of an anteroom, a vast porch and the shrine itself. In the center of the court-yard is a large wooden sculpture. This pilgrimage site attracts visitors from all over the province.
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The same is located in a locality by the same name in Rasht. The portal is of glazed bricks and indicates the date 1290 A.H. There is also another inscription relevant to the reign of Nasseredin Shah, dating 1272 A.H. This inscription indicated a decree regarding the tax exemption of bakeries.
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The above mentioned is situated in the village of Masooleh. According to existing documents, this is the resting abode of Mohammad Hanifeh, the offspring of Imam Ali (A.S.). The mausoleum is an ancient octagonal structure with an extremely archaic valuable wooden and intricately carved door in its western section. In accordance to an epigraph on a column near the entrance, the structure was put under extensive repair during the reign of Fath Ali Shah. The most ancient date revealed here is one on the tombstone dating back to 969 A.H.
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The above mentioned is located in the Ejdaha Baluch Village of Lasht Nesha. It is a quadrangular structure with a porch on all sides. The ceiling of the front porch rests on ten beautiful ancient wooden columns. The internal cornices and porches are adorned with multicolored tiles which display an effect of the Zandieh era. Another spectacular feature of the structure is its ancient and adorned ensign, constructed skillfully and extremely artistically out of metal. This master piece displays twin dragon heads and is a valuable piece of metallic art. The said Imamzadeh is a descendant of Imam Moosa Kazem (AS), and the marble tombstone indicates the date of 1230 A.H.
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This mausoleum is situated at a distance of 34 km. east of Rasht and in the city of Astaneh Ashrafieh. According to records the said is the offspring of the 7th Imam of the Shi'ite sect. The original structure was constructed in the year 311 A.H., under the orders of the ruler of the times Khanom Gowharshad. But in the year 1977, the same was replaced by a majestic edifice adorned with mirror work ceilings and a dome worked with delicate tiles and porches. This vicinity also encompasses a library, mosque, a place for religious mourning ceremonies, and an area reserved for the residence of pilgrims, in addition to a caretakers section.
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Other Imamzadehs of the province are as follows: Imamzadeh Essaq in the south of Shaft; Bibi Hourieh on the Rasht - Anzali road; Imamzadeh Hashem in the south of Rasht; Davazdeh Tan mausoleum in Langerood; Aqa Seyed Hossein in Roodsar; Aqa Seyed Abol Hossein in Roodbar; the tomb of Aqa Seyed Hossein and Ebrahim in Langerood, Chahar Padashahan Mausoleum in Lahijan.
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The same was formerly called Shaleh Kol, and lies 28 km. to the north west of Langarood. Its maximum length is 1.8 km. and has an area of 1,100 hectares. Its maximum depth in the north is 2.75 m. The Amir Kelayeh Wetland has a rich variety of flora, which provides a green and lush scenery in spring and summer. This small eco-system has preserved its hygienic beauty until now.
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It extends to the south western coast of the Caspian Sea, west of the Sefid Rood delta and south of the port of Anzali. Rivers, streams and water from irrigation drains into this wetland, which covers an area of more than 100 square kilometers. Most of the rivers terminating in this wetland take their source in the mountains of Talesh, and after a steep incline end up in the plains. Apart from the economical and environmental aspect, it plays an important role in Gilan's social, geographical, political and cultural atmosphere. It is also of importance in connection with several scientific backgrounds such as zoology, biology and environmental studies.
The wetland displays a spectacular view. Its aqua atmosphere is a suitable bed for the spawning of various types of fish, which play an important role in the economy of the region. This wetland is one of the best and appropriate surroundings for various waterfowls. Hundreds of species of migrant birds choose to settle in this area for breeding. The Anzali wetland and its islands have a beautiful view which attracts nature lovers.
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Covering an area of approximately 438,000 square kilometers, it is the world's largest land-locked body of water or lake. It spreads between Iran, Russia, Turkamenistan, Qazaqistan and Azarbayjan. Its southern shores belonging to Iran are from the Makhtoom Ali Bay to Astara. 'Heerkany' is Khazar's ancient name and foreign maps and books also called it the 'Caspian'. Its shores are shallow and sandy. The average depth in the northern section is 6 m. and a maximum of 1,000 m. in the south and south west.
One of the most important clefts in the southern parts of the Caspian Sea is the Anzali Wetland, located to the south west of the Caspian; and the Mian Kaleh Peninsula which is separated from the Caspian Sea by the Qazvin and Gorgan Bays. These are amongst the famous attractions of Gilan and the Mazandaran provinces.
The Caspian Sea consists of three main sectors named as, the northern, central and southern. Its shores cover a distance of more than 6,380 m. of which about 657 m. beginning from Astara to the delta of the Attrak River is in the realm of Iran. The calm blue sea forms the northern view, and the dense forests covering the foot of the northern Alborz Mountains forms the southern landscape. The surrounding shores are covered by paddy fields, plantations and citrus orchards which create a wonderful scenery. As far as tourism is concerned, it comprises of active and semi-active areas.
Parts of the eastern and the central shores are the main areas of tourist attractions. Other parts such as Talesh and the Astara coast are the semi-active areas. Being far from the cities and industrial establishments, the sandy shores and natural landscapes form a healthier environment in comparison to other coastal areas.
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Gilan's forest views are rare and spectacular with much variety. Another special feature is its lush pastures that spread all over the province like a green carpet. Numerous rivers and springs that flow through the valleys and foothills add to its beauty. The protraction of routes connecting the mountains to the forests gives way to the heart of the jungles.
Green pastures, dense forests, eye-catching countryside and high mountains all provide recreational opportunities. The province is widely known for its pleasant weather. The countryside's landscape and natural environment compared to the plains have transformed it to a spectacular tourist attraction. The vicinities noted below are known to be tourist spots:
Masooleh and its surrounding resort areas, Daylaman, Rahim Abad, Garmab Dasht, Koochid, Rostam Abad and Salansar, Asalem to Khalkhall, Imamzadeh Ebrahim and Imamzadeh Essaq (A.S.), Qaleh Rood Khan, Gowhar Rood valley and the Ashkoor valley route.
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This river takes its source from an area called 'Sheergoli'. Other small branches adjoin it in its flow. Its mountainous course has a gentle slope and after a bend, it flows southwards, entering the plains and flowing to the sea.
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This is the largest river in the west or the Talesh region. Its northern branch flows at an altitude of 2,000 m. and its mid-branch at an altitude of 3,000 m. These branches adjoin at an elevation of approximately 350 m. Its water shed has a gentle slope. This river passes through the city of 'Hashtpar' where a bridge is constructed over it. The river bed spreads within the limits of the city, and its southern fringes offer recreational opportunities.
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The same takes its source in the southern heights of Lahijan. Its two branches adjoin about 7 km. away from its source, and from this point the river flows towards the west. After passing a large bend named 'Zaki Bar Roodkhan', it flows along the Astaneh - Lahijan Road in the west. On dissecting the northern route of Lahijan, and taking the name of Langerood Khan, it flows in a southwest-northeast direction and finally flows into the sea.
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This is the largest river in the east of Gilan with a watershed covering an area of 1,725 sq. km. The 'Chak Rood' is one of the biggest branches flowing through the western areas of 'Kalishan' and 'Moosa Kalayeh', opposite Rostam Abad along the course of the Sefid Rood. Its other tributary is 'Gol Rood'which takes its source in Ashkoorat.
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The water shed of the same is to an extent of approximately 59,400 square kilometers, and originates from the provinces of Kurdestan and East Azarbayjan. It passes through the Zanjan province and flows into the Caspian Sea in Gilan Province. The Sefid Rood Valley acts like a corridor connecting some of the southern parts of the Caspian Sea, which are humid and high pressure areas to the low pressure regions of the Iran Plateau.
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This is the second largest river in Talesh. Its important tributaries adjoin the main stream along its course. Here it is accompanied by several small streams on a steep slope, flowing into the plains of the 'Poonal' region.
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The same has a comparatively large water out put till the Shalman bridge and along the Roodsar - Lahijan Road. It has two main tributaries the 'Taq Var' from the west and Shalman Rood from the east. Almost 3 km. towards this river, at a bend of about 2.5 km. the Kiarood joins it, and with a few more twists and turns flows into the Caspian Sea.
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It is one of the important rivers of Gilan Province, taking its source at the 'Darfak Peak' and flowing into the Sefid Rood. Its longest tributary is about 31 km. Its southern branch flows into a deep canyon. The lower altitudes are covered by dense forests. The heights above the northern tributary end at the verdant and lush pastures of Darfak.
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Gilan has other rivers among which the most important are: Khatbeh Sara, Chelovand, Khooyeq, Navrood, Morqak, Khalkhaye, Masooleh Roodkhan, Shahkhazar, Peerbazar, Tonkabon, Siyahrood, Firehrood, Disam, Samush, Bibalan, Mersarood, Khuskhrood, Gazafrood, and Astara Chay.
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This territory comprises of multiple folds running in a west to east direction from the Sefid Rood valley to the mountains of the Province of Mazandaran. These mountains encompass the Daylaman, Lahijan, Amarloo and Khezran regions. Important peaks of this area are Darfak Kooh with an altitude of 3,500 m. and Samamashkooh with an elevation of 2,250 m. in south of Roodsar.
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Extending from the Astara river valley to the Manjil gorge, the western mountain ranges of Gilan encompass the heights of Talesh, Masooleh and Poshtkooh. The steep eastern slopes, covered with forests, overlook the Gilan plains and the Caspian Sea. The mountains form a barrier between the Caspian Sea and Azarbayjan, withholding water vapors and not allowing their entrance into the Azarbayjan region.
Important peaks are "Baqrood" with an altitude of 3,197 m. and "Masooleh Daq" with an altitude of 3,050 m. In winter rain and snowfall are so severe, that even the summer heat is unable to melt the snow. Natural glaciers are formed due to the abundance of snow, of which the largest is on the "Baqroo Daq" in "Gorgan Rood River" basin and the Noor Lake. Another colossal glacier is the eastern Talesh glacier which has a spectacular view.
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Gilan's environment is one of the most beautiful regions of Iran. It is also the habitat for rare species of flora and fauna. Millions of waterfowls are annually attracted to Gilan Province because of suitable climate, water resources, abundant lakes and Wetlands of Anzali and Amir Kelayeh. These birds are prey bird, flamingo, waders, pelican, partridge, turtledove, ringdove, grouse, vulture owl, dull yellow partridge, spoon bill, kingfisher, pigeon, heron, goose, crane, duck, eagle, starling etc.
The Caspian Sea plays a considerable role in the economic fishing standards, ensuring the livelihood of the inhabitants besides sports and recreation. The most important species of fish in this region are: sturgeon, whitefish, salmon, cyprinid, percidae, (zander), anchovy, pike trout etc.
Other species in this Wildlife zone are: wild boar, snake, tortoise, squirrel, frog, rabbit, rat, bat, wild cat etc.
The protected areas of the province are Selka (336 hectares), Nawasalem (6,000 hectares) in Talesh, Steel wetland (140 hectares) in Astara, Alalan (80 hectares) in Bandar Anzali, Siakashm (3,515 hectares)in Bandar Anzali, Lesar (32,950 hectares) in Talesh, Lavandvil (949 hectares) in Astara and the protected area of Amir Kelayeh (1,230 hectares) in Lahijan.
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Between the Rasht - Lakan Road, to the east of the Aqa Danapeer Village, extends a dense and beautiful forest. The Shoor Lakan Springs lie in the heart of this forest in the south of Rasht. These flow into a swampy, small pond. The walls of these springs are covered by lime sediments. Due to a high salt content, its water is salty and therefore is called 'Ab Shoor' or salty water. The inhabitants hold this place as sacred, and in summer bath in the water in order to cure skin diseases.
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These two mineral springs are situated in the Langerood, in the suburbs of Amarloo (Roodbar) village. One is the 'Ab Gaz' Spring that oozes out from the heart of the mountains in the northwest, and flows on a limestone bed towards a nearby forest, which then adjoins a river. The other is 'Ab Koloor' that consists of a rectangular pond from which the water gushes out and flows down the surrounding hills. The northern sediments of the spring have formed into multilateral angles, thus creating a spectacular stairway which indicates the springs antiquity. This spring is effective in curing rheumatism and skin problems.
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The same is situated in the upper Sajiran village in the 'Eshkoor Bala' region. Its water is absolutely digestible and light. It dissolves sediments within the shortest period of time. Bathing in the springs is highly recommended for the cure of skin diseases such as fungi. Consuming the water is highly recommended for those suffering from kidney trouble.
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The other springs of Gilan are: Zemzemeh Mineral Water in Masooleh, Ali Zakhani Mineral Water Spring near the Masooleh Bazaar, Cheshmagol, Seyshabaneh Mineral Water Springs, and the Mastkhor Thermal Spring 5 km. away from Roodbar.
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The historical structure of Mian Poshteh is located in one of the most beautiful locality of Bandar Anzali. In the year 1924, this palace was reclaimed by Reza Shah from its owner who was a Russian merchant. In 1977, this museum was inaugurated as the Navy museum. In this double storied structure, paintings and intricate plaster adornments can be noted. There is also a portrait attributed to Nasseredin Shah Qajar.
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The Rasht Museum extends over an area of 560 sq. m. and is a double storied structure. These premises belonged to Mirza Hossein Khan Kasmaie, (an ally of Mirza Kuchak Khan Jangali). The same was purchased by the Cultural and Arts Organization in 1970. After the required renovations, the structure was converted into a museum. The said museum is under control of the Cultural Heritage Organization at present, and was inaugurated in the year 1989. The museum comprises of three sections named as, the archaeological, anthropological and a sector displaying documents. Objects discovered in the excavations of hillocks such as Marlik, Tukam, Daylaman, Cheraq Ali and the Tegran cave are on exhibit here.
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The most beautiful vicinities of Iran are found in northern Iran, and especially in Gilan Province. Coverage of green forests, diverse sources of water, local architecture, and cultural specifications are eye-catching; forming a basis for the development of tourism. Some of these rural attractions, known both internally and internationally are:

The history of this village dates back to over a thousand years, and is situated near the city of Manjil. Nasser Khosrow, the famous Iranian poet had traveled to this village and had mentioned this vicinity in his travel accounts. There is an ancient cypress tree in the village that attracts crowds of people every year. The tomb of Aqa Seyed Mahmood Marandi and Imamzadeh Ebrahim are other attractions of this area.
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This village has made impressive progress during the years and has turned into a city. Kiashahr is located on the banks of a beautiful wetland, and enjoys a wonderful landscape and pleasant weather. Here there are wooden docks and some cottages for temporary use and fishing. Rest houses and restaurants have been constructed in the forest park close to the sea, so as to provide services to visitors. This village is one of the beautiful attractions of Gilan.
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This village is situated in the south west of Fooman, 63 km. from Rasht. It enjoys a moderate climate. Local architecture, springs, waterfalls, the 'Rood Khan' River and dense forests all make it an attractive tourism spot. Masooleh's integrated architecture and its houses are of two storied. These comprise of an entrance corridor, cellars and other unique architectural features, and are linked to each other by a staircase, such that the terrace of each house is the court-yard of the house above. The presence of the ancient Own Ebne Ali and Own Ebne Mohammad in Masooleh are pilgrimage sites and hold cultural importance.
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The most famous handicrafts of the province are: wooden articles, hand woven textiles, carpets, jajeems (a type of loosely woven woolen material), Gelims (a coarse type of carpet), silk weaves, earthenware and wooden vessels, statues, felt articles, wicker work, bamboo products, crochet articles, cotton fabrics etc.
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The regional cuisine of Gilan Province offers a wide array of colorful dishes. Breakfast brings forth a variety of jams accompanied with the traditional types of bread, etc. Lunch and dinner display umpteen kinds of meat, vegetable, leafy vegetable dishes accompanied by pickles of all sorts.
There are a variety of Aash or the traditional type of soup with vegetables, meat and stock such as Aash-e-dooq, Aash-e-kalam, Aash-e-kadu, Aash-e-Gilaki, Aash-e-aloo torsh, etc. to name a few.
A variety of kabobs (grilled meat or poultry) such as Kabob-e-torsh, Seeka kabob, Qaz or Duck kabob, Jujeh or Chicken kabob, Tazeh kabob, Heli kabob, Kabob-e-mahi or Fish kabob etc.
Various types of kookoo (or a type of dish having a combination of eggs with vegetables, meat or fish), such as Kookoo badkubehyi, Kookoo sabzi, Baqla kookoo, Kookoo Gilani, Fish kookoo, etc.
A wide variety of fish dishes are also on the menu, including many kinds of curry with rice and condiments.
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Music in Gilan, contrary to other parts of Iran, reveals to be of various types. This difference in particular can be noted in areas such as Talesh, Daylaman and Espily. In the Talesh region there are three basic kinds of melodies, i.e., "Qadim Dastan", "Talesh Dastan" and "Tazeh Dastan". In the province, melodies are usually related to the life style of the inhabitants and are inspired from subjects such as rustic life. Some of the rhymes are chanted along with the appropriate dances, whereas others are cordial. Lamentations that are colloquial are common, besides lullabies, love songs and nursery rhymes. The famous musical groups of Gilan are the Ashiq Gilan, Gil Ava, Saba and Sarang.
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This city is located in the alluvial plains of the province, on the Sefid Rood delta in the east of Rasht. It is one of the religious and pilgrimage sites of Gilan. The mausoleum of Hazrat Seyed Jalaleddin (A.S.) in this vicinity has added to its importance. In the 4th century A.H., Jalaleddin Ashraf, the offspring of Imam Moosa Kazem (A.S.) moved to this city, which is a spectacular and beautiful vicinity.
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Situated on the western shores of the Caspian, it is bordered by the sea on one side and the mountains and jungles on the other. The weather is approximately humid and warm due to its proximity to the sea and the dense mountainous forests. Located 534 km. from Tehran, Astara is the northern most port of Iran and plays an important role on the country's border. Trade expansions, in addition to being placed strategically military wise, have added to its importance. From the Safavid to the Qajar era, the name Astara was merely attributed to an area between Anzali and Aras, which is currently a part of the Republic of Azarbayjan.
Trade relationships with several parts of Russia and Europe, caused the influx of European civilization to this region. The importance of trade and tourism in Astara has increased after the expansion of relationship between Iran and Azarbayjan.
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This port is limited to the north by the Caspian Sea. Irrigated by the Chak Rood, Masal and Khamam Rood rivers, Anzali enjoys a moderate and humid weather. This city is not very archaic from the historical point of view. However, the most ancient historical notes on Bandar Anzali refer to the year 863 A.H., and mention the same as a small village. From the early Safavid period, Bandar Anzali captured the attention of the British, Russians and the central government of Iran. As then Qazvin was the capital. The English established silk trading companies in Moscow, and this aided in making the Rasht - Anzali - Baku route to Europe flourish.
Consequently, Anzali came to be known as the 'European Gate'. During the period of Nader Shah, Bandar Anzali was converted into a transportation base. But late in the reign of Naseredin Shah and during the rule of Mozaffareddin Shah, trade reached its peak. After the undertaking of the communists and the formation of the Soviet government, the trade status between Iran and Russia severely changed and Anzali lost its former glory as a trading port. When Pahlavi I came into power, due to the keen attention paid to this port, it was reconstructed and equipped with port and shipping facilities.
At present Bandar Anzali is one of the most beautiful cities of Gilan and is the most well equipped port of the Caspian Sea.
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Situated on the plains of Gilan and to the west of Rasht, Fooman is bordered by the Alborz Ranges in the west. It is 371 km. from Tehran, and has a mild and humid climate in the plains; and cold pleasant weather in the mountains. Numerous rivers originating from the southern mountain ranges terminate at the Anzali marshes. During the period of the Islamic influence and the taking of power by the local rulers, Fooman was considered as the center of western Gilan.
The leaders of this area were mainly related to the 'Al Eshaq' family who considered themselves as the descendants of the Parthians. Oljaito (the Mongol), demanded the obedience of Amir Debaj (the local ruler), and ultimately, the Mongols conquered this vicinity. In the year 766 A.H., Sa'adat Al Kiya migrated to Gilan from Mazandaran. A battle took place between the Al Kiya and the Al Eshaq households. Amir Debaj who was from the Al Eshaq family was murdered in the outskirts of Rasht in the year 791 A.H. During the years 907-921 A.H., or the Shah Esmail Safavid period, this area was under the rule of 'Amir Hessameddin', son of 'Amir Debaj'. During the Safavid reign, the Qizelbash army defeated the last governor of Fooman from the Al Eshaq family. Thus entire Gilan was annexed to the Safavid territory.
During the contemporary period, Fooman witnessed many revolts prior to and after the Constitutional Revolution. In the Jungle Movement, Fooman was an important hideout for the rebels. At present it is one of the developed cities of the province with amazing landscapes and is attractive from the aspect of tourism.
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Situated in the northern verdant slopes of the Alborz Mountains, the township of Lahijan is 355 km. from Tehran. The climate of the city is moderate with a high annual precipitation. The foundation of Lahijan is attributed to 'Lahij Ebne Saam'. Oljaito, the Mongol ruler conquered Lahijan in 705 A.H. Then Amir Teimoor attacked this region. Finally, Shah Abbas I defeated 'Khan Ahmad' and thereafter the Safavid governors ruled this city. Amongst the unpleasant events in the history of this city were the outbreak of plague in 703 A.H., the conflagration of 850 A.H. and the conquest of it by the Russian army in 1725 A.D. Lahijan was one of the main bases of the Jungle Movement.
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This township is situated on the slopes of the mountains, 340 km. from Tehran, enjoying a mild and humid climate. It is irrigated by the Shalman and Langerood Rivers. Langerood was once the bed of the Tetis Sea, and in the reign of Dariush III (Darius), the last of the Achaemenian monarchs, it was amongst the 127 provinces from where the sea had retreated. The word Langerood was for the first time mentioned in the year 512 A.H., coinciding with the reign of "Soltan Mohammad Ben Malek Shah Faramarz Ben Mardan Shah Langeroodi", who escaped from prison, and with the help of Alla'ud Dowleh Mazandarani went to Langerood. In the Safavid era, especially during the reign of Shah Abbas, Langerood was a city of important historical events.
Nader Shah Afshar also paid due attention to this city. He chose Langerood as a headquarter and base for defeating the Tatars of eastern Mazandaran as well as a center for the development of trade, and a shipyard for gaining access to the Caspian Sea. ToDay, this city is one of the important cities of Gilan.
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Rasht, the provincial capital is one of the important cities of this region. It is situated in the center of the province, 30 km. from the Caspian Sea. The climate of this area is humid and variable. Dominant air currents of the Caspian Sea blow westwards, and the annual precipitation is relatively high. The history of Rasht dates back to the pre-Islamic period, that is the Sassanid era. The independent governor of this region was called 'Gilanshah', before the attack of the Arabs to Iran. In the year 61 A.H., after the Arab conquest in Iran, Rasht was mentioned in historical documents for the first time. In the Safavid period, and especially in the reign of Shah Esmail, the territory of Gilan was composed of two parts of 'Biepas' with the centrality of Rasht, and 'Biehpish'with the centrality of Lahijan.
In the reign of Shah Tahmasb Safavid I, the governorship of both sections was assigned to 'Khan Ahmad Gilani'. In the year 1045 A.H., Stephen Razin, a Russian sailor plundered the city. The army of Peter the Great conquered the city in 1722 A.D. and remained here till the year 1734 A.D. This city was once again conquered by the Russians in 1917 simultaneously with the Socialistic Revolution. In 1246 A.H., due to the outbreak of plague, many people lost their lives. In 1937, a revolt broke out in the region in order to get road tax from the Russians, but the central government suppressed it.
The people of Rasht played a very important role in the Constitutional Revolution. The Russian and British army as well as local rebels attacked the city of Rasht during World War I (1914-1918). In 1920, Rasht became the arena of revolutionary activities again. When the Red Army conquered Baku in 1918, the naval forces of the White Army took asylum in the Port of Anzali, which was under control of the British army. The commander of the Red Navy persuaded them and conquered the port and the British retreated. This event encouraged the revolutionaries of Gilan to establish an anti-British government movement under the leadership of 'Mirza Koochak Khan Jangali'. British forces evacuated the city and went to Baqdad. Finally, the Iranian forces defeated the movement and a treaty was signed with Russia in 1339 A.H. and they evacuated the city.
ToDay, Rasht as the capital of Gilan Province is the most important trade center between Caucasia, Russia and Iran and has considerable tourism facilities.
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Roodbar is situated in the mountainous region of the province, 268 km. from Tehran and with a variable climate. It is located on the fringes of a valley through which the Sefid Rood River flows. The civilization of Roodbar and its surroundings date back to 2000 years B.C. On the advent of Islam, tribes from Damascus and Halab immigrated and became settlers there. Later on in the times of Nader Shah Afshar, groups from the Kurds of Quchan and areas of northern Khorassan also settled there. Roodbar can be considered as a gateway to the Gilan Province from central Iran. The earthquake of 1990 demolished this beautiful city and despite its reconstruction, has not gained its former glory.
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Enjoying a moderate and humid climate, the township of Roodsar is located in a verdant plain 326 km. from Tehran and to the south of the Caspian Sea. According to valid historical documents, the ancient name of Roodsar was "Koutum", which was a small city in Rankooh. The other name of Roodsar was "Hoosem" that had a thriving bazaar and big mosque in the year 375 A.H. Later on this city was ruined due to unknown reasons, and was reconstructed by Seyed Reza Kiya during the years 789-829 A.H.
This personality was the governor of Lahijan who changed the name of this city from Hoosem to Roodsar in the 8th century A.H. The contemporary history of this city coincides with the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty. This beautiful city attracts many tourists.
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Shaft is situated in the verdant plains of Gilan in the south west of Rasht. It is one of Gilan's historical areas with an ancient background. The center of Shaft was formerly called Goorab. Shaft was situated near the 'Nasir Mahaleh' Village where vestiges can still be noted.
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Located in a plain, Someeh Sara is 369 km. from Tehran. This city enjoys a mild and humid climate, and the Masooleh River irrigates its lands. This region included the centers of the two states of Toolem and Kasgar that are repeatedly pointed out in historical books. According to some references, this city is named after the great Gnostic of the 4th and 5th century A.H., 'Sheikh Abdollah Somehi' who had many followers and constructed several monasteries.
In keeping with some narrations, this city was ruined in the year 1159 A.H. This city was beyond the control of Aqa Mohammad Khan Qajar, but during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, the central government dominated over it. At present this city is one of the developed regions of the province with many natural attractions.
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The township of Talesh is 451 km. from Tehran, and there is in a mountainous area in the west of Talesh. The Alborz Mountain Range from the north to south direction and runs parallel to the sea coast. Talesh has a moderate and humid climate with a relatively high percentage of annual rainfall. Talesh is called 'Tablestan' in the Arabic language. Till the time of the Afsharieh Dynasty, the southern part of this township was dependent on the Kasgar government and the central sector excluding Astara, named as Espahbod, was under the control of the Naav and Tul governments, whereas the northern portion was called Goshtasbi.
On the termination of the wars between Iran and Tsarist Russia, and the conclusion of the Golestan and Turkamen Chai Treaties, Talesh Goshtasbi was segregated from Iran. Thereafter, Espahbod Talesh and Talesh Kasgar which were under the dominance of the tribal chiefs of Namin were divided into two parts. Its northern sector was under the control of Ardabil till 1963. At present Talesh is one of the most beautiful cities in the north of Iran.
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