Bard Neshandeh is one of the places of worship in ancient Iran where religious rituals were held in an open area. The structure of this relic belongs to the Parsee and Achaemenian periods, while the embossment works on stones dates back to the Parthian era. The statue of "Heraclitus" or "Hercules", with the height of more than 2 m. was excavated from this temple. This vicinity consists of three distinctly separated areas, i.e., the palace, a worship place of to the east of the palace and the residential areas placed to the north.
Valuable and historical relics have been discovered here, these are displayed and kept in local and museums abroad. The most important of these vestiges are, ancient statues, coins and earthenware.
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Choqazanbil is situated at a distance of 45 km. south east of Shoosh, and is the only remnant of an ancient city, that was constructed approximately in 1300 B.C. This city which was at the vicinity of 2 km. from Dez River was known as "Ontashgal". The same is a reminder of the new Elamit civilization. It was surrounded by three interconnected sun brick made ramparts with the main entrance situated in the eastern side of the largest rampart.
The palaces and tombs of the Elamit monarchs are situated between the first and second ramparts. Between the second and the third ramparts, the remnants of the water supply and purification system for city is observed. The water purification system of Choqazanbil was to provide drinking water for citizens, and is obviously accounted as one of the most ancient water supply systems. In the center of the third rampart, the main temple (Ziggurat) is placed. This square shaped structure is constructed at the dimensions of 105x105 sq.m., along four main directions.
This temple was constructed by means of millions of bricks, in five floors. At present only two floors have been remained. Except for the first and fifth floors, the rest have been filled with sun baked bricks. The fifth floor which is considered to be the highest one was used to be the place where idols were kept. The main idol was called "Inshushinak" which was considered to be the most famous deity of Shoosh city. On the brick walls of the temple, same inscriptions designating the name of the king in the Cuneiform script can be observed which reveals the aim of the monarch in the construction of this temple. Near the temple, on the main ground there are two circular platforms. Some believe this to be a place where sacrifices were carried out, and the other version is that, this was an area for astrology.
The aggregate of this city along with Elamit civilization in the vicinity of Haft Tappeh, was demolished in 640 B.C. as a result of Assyrian conquests, under the command of 'Ashur Banipal', thence terminating the Elamit jurisdiction after a period of more than a millennium.
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The ancient city of Arjan is situated at a distance of 10 km. north of Behbahan. ToDay, only hillocks from this city have remained which belong to the Sassanid period. Previously, this city used to have six gates which were named as, Ahvaz, Ray Shahr, Maidan, Kialin, Shiraz and Eazeh. The Hoomeh or Homayoon hill is the largest one in Arjan city.
The residential palace of Shah that toDay only the ruins of which have been remained and is reputed as "Saraye Malek", is located to the southeast of Arjan city. Due to an unknown condition this city was demolished, and the current Behbahan city has been formed at its vicinity.
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This hill lies to the south of Ramhormoz, near the village of Keymeh. In this hillock unscientific and illegal excavations have taken place. Articles such as statues of animals, designed earthenware etc. have also been discovered.
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To the west of the Behbahan plains, amidst the small and scattered meadows, there are the ruins of 'Behgovad' or 'Behgovaz'city which was used to extend 20 sq.km. in area.
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Within a distance of 40 km. south east of Dezful a few clay hills have remained which are known as Choqamish. According to various studies and research work, it is believed that Choqamish Hill dates back to pre invention of calligraphy to about 34 centuries B.C.
The primitive culture of its inhabitants has been verified by means of their special method clay modeling and beautifully designed earthenware. This culture dates back to about 6000 years B.C.
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The ancient city of Dastova is located 3 km. south of Shooshtar, alongside the Dariyoon stream. According to evidences, Dastova city was constructed during the Parthian rule by 'Shilhak Inshushinak'. But in the early Islamic era, this city became deserted and forlorn. The writer of the book 'Al Ansab' has mentioned the name of Dastova as, "A city in Khuzestan", from which Dastova textiles have come.
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Gotvand, is the center of the Gotvand district in Shooshtar. The Karoon River flows from north to south of the same, and the Gotvand Dam has been constructed in the north upon this river. This region experiences a moderate and dry climate, and the most important religious vestiges here are, the Elamit Ziggurat temple, Rostam Castle, Moqam Ali, and the Shah Soleiman and Peer Ahmad Mausoleums.
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The ancient city of Jondi Shapour lies at a distance of 10 km. from Dezful, at the vicinity of Shah Abad village.
There is a strong possibility that Shahpour I was responsible for the construction of this city after his victory over Valerian. His descendant (7th generation) known as 'Shapour Zol Akhtaf', developed and expanded the city to a large one. Its university in its own time was of great repute throughout the world, and even in the last decades has been considered to be a great scientific center.
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The ancient hill of Kolgah Zarri is situated to the south of Masjed Soleiman city, in the vicinity of "Kolgah" region. This monument dates back to 3rd millennium B.C.
An engraving inscription about the Prophet Abraham (P.B.U.H), reveals the adherence of its inhabitants to the religion of this prophet at that time. This inscription is 6 m. in length and 4 m. in breadth which has been sculptured on a huge rock. In this area, relics from the Sassanid and Parthian periods have also been discovered, and during the Achaemenian age it was also considered vital.
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The eastern vicinity of the Shoosh hillocks is known as Shahr-e-Shahi. Numerous relics have been discovered here, relative to the Elamit, Achaemenian, Parthian, and Sassanid periods. Besides which the remnants of roads, passages and dwellings have also been discovered here. The discovered relics, instruments, tools and skulls reveals that the native inhabitants of this territory before migration of the Aryans had been scattered and dwelled in southern and central territories of Iran and established the Elamit rules and governments.
The method of constructions, burial of dead bodies, placing a stove in the center of room, etc., are examples of general life-style and other rituals of these people.
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The Sassani Shami village in Eazeh, the Shahr-e-Sassani in Andimeshk, the ruins of Mokhtarak city in Ramhormoz, the ancient city of Asak (Kalat) in Hindijan and Salihak village in Behbahan. The other ancient an archaeological hills of Khuzestan province are, Haft Tappeh, Shoosh Hillocks (Shahr-e-San'atgaran) in Shoosh, Sood or Razini Hillock in Ramhormoz, and the ancient hillocks of Kalgir in Masjed Soleiman.
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The Acropol or Shoosh castle was constructed by a group of French archeologists in the year 1897 A.D. in the highest region of the city. The same is very similar to the Bastille in France. This castle has been constructed by Dezful artists and by means of bricks obtained from Darius Castle and some engraved bricks in the Kufic script from Choqazanbil. This castle was in the hands of the French authorities before the Islamic revolution, after which it was utilized as the archeological center of Shoosh.
Valuable and important relics such as the famous statue of Queen Napirasustoon, Hamurabi Code and famed buff earthenware glass of Shoosh with a wild goat drawing have been discovered from the Acropol Hill. It took a period of 15 years to build this structure which stood as a defense fort against the attack of local clans and tribes. During Iran-Iraq war this castle was under the bombardment of Iraqi troops, and later on came under re-construction and repair.
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The Arjan Castle in Behbahan Township has been constructed at the top of Sanglakh Mountain stuck to a colossal slab of stone. Rain water was used to be collected in water reservoirs of this castle through this slab of stone. The structural architecture of towers is of roman style, i.e., cubic in shape. The castle has a comparatively large courtyard, with chambers in three floors having roman styled ceilings.
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This castle is accounted as the first permanent settlement place for Parsee tribes, as well as the birthplace of Cyrus the Achaemenian. It is located in the Andika sector of Masjed Soleiman. The Bardi castle is a huge structure which was built during the Elamit period and made of large slabs of stones (without mortar). At present the untouched walls of the castle have been remained.
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This castle is located to the north of Ramhormoz. The spherical structure denotes the style of Roman architecture. This castle was most probably constructed in the Sassanid reign for protection and safety of commercial, trade and military route between Shoosh, Vajar and Esfahan. Another theory is that the same was used to guard the treasury and palace of Ramhormoz, and Romans also participated in building this structure.
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This castle is located to the north of Gotvand Village and was erected on the top of a hillock. The walls which have been constructed by cobbled stone with a mixture of gypsum and ... have been remained. In the past, this castle was used for military purposes, and among local people it was known as Rostam Palace or Prison.
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The same is a little tower or turret with one room, located on a hill in a part of Andika in Masjed Soleiman. It was in this vicinity that the Elamit captured a number of Anzanis or (Bakhtiyari Tribes), and imprisoned them. From this point of view it is of great historical value.
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This castle is located near the village of Shurdin, in the township of Ramhormoz. Close to this vicinity is a rocky castle called 'Zard Bordiyeh', which has large and small crevices similar to pre-historic shelters. Besides which there are other numerous remnants such as, shelters of stone, dwellings, rooms, streets, troughs and a temple. Circular shaped castles are constructed on a foundation, and a water supply system can still be observed here.
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These are named as: The Shahpur Sassanid Castle, Salasel, the Rostam Aqili Castle in Shooshtar, the Tol Castle in Andimeshk, the Tork Dez Castle in Masjed Soleiman, the Khajeh Castle, Leit (Reyt) castle in Andika of Masjed Soleiman, the Dizeh Varaz Castle of Faramarz-e-Ashkani, the Ark or Arkh Castle, Qolla Golab, Gel va Dah Mard to the east of Sardasht, the Ancient Castle of Baba Saif to the east of the Hindijan road.
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This palace was constructed by the order of Darius the Achaemenian on the top of Elamit hillocks and is known as Darius (Apadana) Palace. The walls of the palace are made of sun baked bricks with a brick worked facade, and the pillars are of stone. Apadana Palace consists of a pavilion, haramsara (a section for court ladies), gateway, entertainment hall and three central courtyards. The internal walls of the palace are adorned with engraved glazed bricks depicting the winged-lion guard soldiers and adorned by lotus flowers, the remnants of which are on display in local museums and those in abroad. A major portion of this palace caught on fire during the reign of Ardeshir I, (461 B.C.), and finally during the conquests of Alexander, the said palace along with other Achaemenian palaces were completely ruined.
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This is a monument from the Sassanid period and is located 20 km. northwest of the ruined city of Shoosh. It is known as 'Kut Karkheh' or Ivan-e-Kharkheh Palace. A colossal rampart encloses the palace, and on each side there are entrances at regular intervals. To the east of the area, there is a ruined structure out of which only an arched ceiling made of brick has been remained. Previously it was supposed to be a spectacular glorious hall used for formal ceremonies of the court of Sassanid monarchs.
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On the top of a hillock over looking a locality named "Sar Masjed", relics of a palace or temple has remained which dates back to the 7th century B.C. Irregular polished rock stones, broken round pillars as well as arched ceilings are scattered in this area.
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The remnants of this palace are situated along the western banks of the Shaoor River, opposite the mausoleum of the Prophet Danial (P.B.U.H). This palace has a square shaped hall with lateral installations. The columns or pillars are made of stone, and its walls are of sun baked bricks. This palace was constructed during the reign of Ardeshir II, and was used as his residential palace as well as a seat of power.
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In the Bard Nebeshteh Valley there is an irregular piece of stone present alongside the mountain. They are carved by excellent skilled artisans. The carvings show a tall man with abundant hair and a round cap, with a sword in his hand. To his right hand is a rider, and to his left a few human figures can also be observed.
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The same is situated at the end of Eazeh plains, and on its own way is an astonishing one. This engraving depicts the figure heads of the monarch, commander, men, women, captives and beasts such as cows, bison and sheep. It shows a form of worship or respect and the offering of gifts to the ruler. This engraving belongs to the Elamit seat of power before the birth of Christ, and accounts for one of the important and ancient evidences of the Khuzestan Province.
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Other epigraphs or engravings in the province are named as, Jong-e-Ajdal or Ajdar, Sossan's statue and the inscriptions of Hani in Eazeh, belong to the Elamit era.
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The same lies to the north of Shooshtar. It is opposite the Salasel Castle, and is one of the oldest tombs of the Islamic period in Iran. Bara'-ebne-Malek Ansari was one of the disciples of the Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H). Bara'-ebne-Malek was martyred during the conquest of Shooshtar in the year 17 or 18 A.H. by Hormozan the ruler of Khuzestan.
Within the mausoleum is a wooden painted sepulcher with a simple grave. The main chamber of the mausoleum is in the upper section, on which a circular structure is erected. Inside the mausoleum and the internal dome is constructed according to the Safavid architecture. The external facade of mausoleum displays a fine piece of plaster work and paintings. It is adorned by beautiful tile works and inscriptions. Eight windows with roman style crescent shaped arches have been placed at regular intervals between the inscriptions.
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This mausoleum is in the midst of the Haft Shahidan Village graveyard. It has a tile worked dome with sacred versus of "Ya Allah", "Ya Mohammad" and "Ya Ali" inscribed around it. These effects and the original structure of the mausoleum are from the Qajar period.
The mausoleum has a square courtyard with porches and chambers around it. To the exterior side of the structure an inscription worked in black and white tiles has been affixed to the portal. This mausoleum is the tomb of the seven Sadats or those being the descendants of the Prophet Mohammed. The architecture of main structure belongs to the Qajar period.
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This mausoleum is situated in Shooshtar, and comprises of two court-yards, the mausoleum and its porches. Upon a red colored stone arch the date of 762 A.H. can be observed. The mausoleum in the lower section is tetragonal while at the upper section is octagonal. The ceilings under the dome have four conical apertures according to Saljuqi architecture. In the other court-yard is a mausoleum with a small door, an octagonal dome and beautiful plaster work of the Saljuqi era. On the ceilings of one of the porches there is a poem written on plaster with beautiful calligraphy on which the date of 1248 A.H. is seen.
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The said mausoleum stands to the east of Dezful, and comprises of the sepulcher, porches and two storied buildings. On the structure is a twelve paneled dome. The mode of architecture of the under dome structure relates to the 9th century A.H. The southern entrance has a stairway which was used by the elite, and is adorned with arches.
The original structure of the mausoleum was constructed during the Teimoorid period. It has been mentioned in records that this mausoleum is the resting abode of a descendant of the seventh Imam of the Shiite sect, i.e., fourteen generations later.
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The remnants of this ancient Sassanid Bridge are located on one of the branches of the Karoon River in the city of Dezful. The lofty and strong foundation of this bridge is a stunning sight. This bridge was built under the orders of Lady Kharaza, the mother of Ardeshir Babakan.
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In the city of Dezful, remnant of some semi-ruined caravansaries which most probably belong to Safavid era and the rule of "Vakhashtu Khan" exist. There are two ancient caravansaries that are Nowadays used by traders and salesmen. They are known as Afzal and Qandi caravansaries.
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The old Dezful Bridge was constructed during the Sassanid era, and accounts for one of the ancient bridges in the world. At present this bridge connects Dezful and Andimeshk cities. It has been repaired several times during the reign of Azedodowleh Daylami, the Safavid, Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. The bridge currently has four large arches, and between every two of these is a smaller arch. Near the bridge, remnants of ancient mills can be observed.
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This bridge is also known as the old Karkheh Bridge or Naderi Bridge. It is located in Dehloran Road, to the north of the new steel bridge. The ancient bridge was constructed of stone, mortar and slabs of sculptured stone. The remnants of which are an arch and a pillar. There is a link between this bridge and the relics of Ivan-e-Karkheh Palace, thence of high historical and tourism value.
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This bridge is a relic of Sassanid period, and was constructed on the Taab River en route from Behbahan to Imamzadeh Ja'far. Nowadays in summer, with depression of water surface level of the river, the remnants of this bridge can be observed.
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There are remnants of a bridge and dam on Taab River in the district of Arjan of Behbahan Township. It is similar to the great bridge of Shooshtar, but in smaller dimensions. To the south corner, there are evidences of four pillars and a part of dam. To the north corner of this relic are also the remnants of four wells dug in stones along with a water supply system.
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The Saolak Gorge lies in the central portion of the Masjed Soleiman Township. In this gorge there are drawings of a goddess or a Magus (Magi), in front of whom fifteen people lined up in two rows. They have conical caps with abundant hair. There is also another drawing in this vicinity depicting a rider armed with a bow and arrow, and battling against a beast resembling a bear. This effect is related to the Parthian period.
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The Shadravan Bridge runs parallel to the newly constructed bridge located on the Shooshtar - Dezful Road. This ancient bridge is a relic of Sassanid period (Shahpour I). One of the conditions that Kaiser of Rome and his soldiers could be set free was the construction of Shadravan Bridge, and this condition was agreed to by the emperor. When the construction of bridge was finished, Shapour released the order to set free the Kaiser of Rome and his soldiers and they returned back to their country. Sixteen arches of this bridge have remained. The Shadravan Bridge has been built of cobbled stone and mortar.
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In the past the customs office of Khuzestan was located in Shooshtar city, thus prompting the establishment of caravansaries in this area. Of which the Hashemi and Abrisham Kari Caravansaries located in the center of the city are worth mentioning. The atmosphere of these caravansaries is suitable for traditional tea houses and restaurants.
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The Tak Ab Gorge is located 20 km. northeast of Behbahan, and is also known as 'Darband-e-Pars'. In the natural terrain of this gorge, parts of the gravel walk or flagstones (for the royalty) from the Achaemenian era have been remained. On the top of Khaviz Mountain and at the highest point of gorge, there are two engravings of prose and poetry from the Qajar period. There had also been another epigraph consisting of seven lines in the 'Kufic' script which was unfortunately destroyed in explosion for the construction of the Maroon Dam.
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The rest of the old bridges of the Khuzestan Province are as follows: The Lashkar Bridge, the Sassanid Band Gerger Bridge in Shooshtar, the Haj Khodaie, Sassanid or Arjan Bridges and Bandbekan Bridges in Behbahan, the Negin and Bard Qomchi Bridges in Andika of Masjed Soleiman, the Safavid Nafas Kesh or the Shah Ali Bridge in Shooshtar.
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In 'Dar-e-Abbas' locality of Shooshtar, there is a comparatively old house that till the year 1970 was utilized as a school (the Ardeshir School). The peripheral stone and plaster work of windows are spectacularly interesting which display the delicate craftsmanship of the Qajar period.
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This edifice is related to the late Qajar period. From its garden the Shateit River and its surroundings can be observed. The walls and ceilings of this house have been decorated by brick work. Its large shabestan (nocturnal praying area) has fine and beautiful brick made pillars. This house will be converted into a museum, in order to display vestiges discovered in Shooshtar.
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Other old houses in the province are named as, The Haj Mon'em, Amin-ol-Tojar (Amin Zadeh), Afzal and Douraqi houses in Shooshtar.
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The ancient bazaar of Shooshtar is known as Qeisariyeh. Construction of this bazaar dates back to the times when Kaiser of Rome was captive in the hands of Shahpour Sassanid. Its architectural structure is cross shaped. It is a covered bazaar with some sutures for the passage of light. In the past, each of the six gateways of the city terminated to bazaar and city center. In 1950 this bazaar was demolished due to main street construction in the city. The present name of this street is "Taleqani", in which the new, as well as Qeisariyeh Bazaars are located.
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This vestige is located in the west of Dezful, alongside the Dez River. Around this place various roman arches, walls made of stone and mortar along with large and small chambers in a state of ruin and can be observed. The Golegah Mills situated at a distance of 300 m. from the Balarood Dam, and is a relic of the Sassanid era.
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One of the oldest and most beautiful structures of Shooshtar is the Sika Water Mills. It is an area with small rooms and narrow corridors, alongside which streams of water canals are observed. It has outlets to the Gerger River. In these mills the high pressure of water current from up to down, move the wheels for grinding the wheat. In summers a pleasant drizzling wind blowing in the Sika rooms which creates a cool recreational place for people of Shooshtar.
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The same is located at a distance of 3 km. from the current city of Eazeh. Eshkoft Salman is a cave within a natural rock, which has a spring with clear and sweet water that extrudes out through another smaller and narrower cave. To the right and opposite the Eshkoft Salman, there are two embossed profiles within two square engraved hollow surfaces.
A lighted brazier is displayed in front of them that reaches their knees. To the east of these two profiles, there is a large crevice over which the mountain has been curved, and formed a shelter. Below this, on surface of the mountain there is a rectangular epigraph with the Cuneiform script and a few engravings. Under this inscription, which is placed at high level, is a seat or throne. There is a possibility that this could also be an area for performing special rituals.
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This cave extends from Tang Anbar-e-Sefid Lali, (in the district of Lali) in Masjed Soleiman and terminates in the vicinity of Cholvar. This area is an interesting site regarding the archeological studies as well as for sight seeing.
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This tomb or grave is located in one of main streets of Ramhormoz city in the midst of a garden. According to the statement of people, this tomb belongs to Hormoz Sassanid, the founder of Ramhormoz city. Within a short distance is the tomb of Imamzadeh Bibi Seeni, which is a place of pilgrimage that may remind us of Bibi Sassanid.
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The same is located in Shami village, north of Eazeh. In this vicinity a large number of tombs resembling those belonging to the Sassanid period are observed. Unfortunately they have been illegally excavated. Relics and statues discovered in this area, speak of a much older civilization.
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In the eastern mountainous region of Ahvaz, there are some engraved crypts right in the heart of mountain, which was supposed to be the burial place for Zoroastrians of Ahvaz in the pre-Islamic era. The present appearance and condition of crypts reveals that these places probably used to be temples, and later on became a burial place or graveyard.
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Kheraf Khaneh comprises of a series of crypts which have been made within the rocks on the outskirts of the city. There is a strong possibility that these crypts used to belong to Zoroastrians of the Medes and Parthian eras. According to public opinion, when in past the families were unable to take care of their elders, they used to keep them in these crypts, bringing them food and water at intervals of few day so that they spent the rest of their lives there, till death.
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These are called, Tow Ashiqoon (Ottaq-e-Ashiqan) and Kolah Farangi in Shooshtar, Taq-e-Nosrat-e-Sassani and Hormoz Sassani Tomb in Ramhormoz.
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The Jame' Mosque of Dezful is situated in the central square of the city and is a remnant of the 3rd or 4th century A.H. The same has been repeatedly undergone repairs in 7th, 9th and 11th and recent centuries A.H., which has resulted in its expansion. The structure of the mosque comprises of the main entrance, porches, a vast courtyard and nocturnal areas (Shabestans) to the south and east.
The mosque has four small entrances, three of which are blocked. The North West facade is a remnant of the 12th century A.H. and is adorned with arches and tile works. The main part of the current mosque is its pillared nocturnal area to the south. The ceiling and brick dome of this Shabestan is erected on stone pillars. The eastern porch is a construction of the Safavid era, while the nocturnal area of the mosque is its oldest segment. On the northern and western side walls of the mosque the dates of 13th and 14th centuries A.H. have been designated.
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This mosque is near the chamber of Aqa Mir in Dezful. Its entrance had tile works, the pattern of which has been disrupted in later repairs. The fringes of the adytum have been worked in a spiral design, and the internal pattern is plaster work which relates to the Safavid era. The fringe of adytum is ornamented by flower, wheat and cypress tree designs.
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The remnants of this structure are located on the ancient Shoosh hillock. This mosque consisted of a nocturnal area, with column, a central courtyard and an outer enclosure. The walls were made of sun baked bricks. It also had a large pillared hall, and brick worked inscriptions in the Kufic script and were discovered from the south eastern part of the courtyard. To the eastern corner of the mosque there is the remnant of a minaret with a spiral stairway. Professor Grishman believes that this mosque belongs to the first century A.H.
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This mosque is located in west of Shooshtar, and is a remnant of the early Islamic period. It was constructed by one of the Abbassid caliphates. The same was repaired during the Safavid era. The current structure of the mosque comprises of a large nocturnal area (shabestan), a vast court-yard and minarets to the east. The nocturnal area has pillars and is covered with a domed ceiling. In the middle of southern side of the nocturnal area is an adytum with plaster works of Safavid style. On the other side inscriptions and plaster engravings along with decrees of royalty can also be noted.
On the external doorway to this area, which is adorned with arches and decorative brick works there are two inscriptions on stone with sacred versus of the Holy Qoran. In the eastern side of the mosque is a remnant of a beautiful minaret dating back to the 8th century A.H., which is intricately worked and inscribed with sacred versus of "Allah", "Mohammad", "Ali". This minaret has been repaired recently, and is registered on records.
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Other ancient mosques of Khuzestan province are, Bokan Jame' Mosque in Behbahan, a relic of the first century A.H. The Sheikh Mosque in Shooshtar, the Lab Khandan and the Bazar-e-Kohneh Mosques in Dezful, the Imamzadeh Heydar and Omar Mosques in Behbahan, the Sheikh Esmail and Sheikh Mo'azi Mosques in Dezful, the Hassan Shooshtar, Sultan Mehrab, Shah Safi, Seyed Naseredin, Seyed Mohammad Mahro and Hossain Mosques in Shooshtar.
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The same is located on the eastern banks of the Shoor River. This mausoleum is the resting abode of one of the prophets of the Israelites. This mausoleum has two courtyards, which are surrounded with chambers and porches. The mausoleum is located at the end of the second courtyard, which has rooms in three side of courtyard for a nights stay of pilgrims.
In this mausoleum, the sepulcher below the tomb is an old yellow colored stone devoid of any inscriptions. The ceiling of the mausoleum has beautiful mirror works with light apertures on eight sides under the dome. The foundations of the mausoleum are old but thick and strong. The upper section of eastern side of mausoleum is adorned with tile works. The dome of Danial-e-Nabi is a multi-sided, hexagonal in shape erected on a circular base.
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This tomb is located on an elevation in the south of Shooshtar, around which is an old cemetery. Its stone entrance is related to the Safavid era. The tall portal has two minarets on either side and these are adorned with tile work.
This Imamzadeh also has a quaint wooden door which dates to 1035 A.H. Its domed ceiling is adorned with flower patterns related to the Qajar period, and its brass sepulcher is a relic from the reign of Naseredin Shah Qajar. The current structure of the mausoleum is the effect of Mehdi Ali Khan, the governor of Shooshtar during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavid in the year 1002 A.H. The said Imamzadeh is related to the fourth Imam of the Shiite sect.
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The Arvand Rood River flows in the townships of Khorram Shahr, Abadan and to the west of the Minoo Island, as well as on the borders of Iran and Iraq. This river is known as the Shat-ol-Arab in Iraq and has been formed by meeting two rivers of Tigris and Euphrates. These join at a place called Qarneh, 110 km. southwest of Abadan and flow alongside the city of Basra.
After following a long course, and flowing through Khorram Shahr and Abadan, it ultimately reaches the Persian Gulf. In this river shipping is possible and the surrounding area is furthermore an interesting sight.
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The Jarahi River flows through the townships of Kohkiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Behbahan, Ramhormoz and Mah Shahr. It originates from the mountains of Rah Barik, Sefid and Golgilak, 53 km. northwest of Yasooj. After following a long course, and joining to various rivers, under the name of Maroon, enters the township of Behbahan and then Agajari village.
This river after crossing south of the Ramhormoz Township and Ramsheer city, with the name of the Jarahi River, enters the township of Mah Shahr and finally flows into the Persian Gulf.
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The Karkheh River, is the third widest river in Iran after the Karoon and Sefid Rood Rivers. It originates from watersheds of southeast Kermanshah, and after flowing a long distance and adjoining other tributaries under the name of "Qarah Soo" River along its course intermingles with "Tang Kenesht" and "Gamasiyab" Rivers, and gushing through the valley between "Galleh" and "Kooh Sefid" Mountains in the west, flows towards the south. At this point, it joins the "Gashani" River, and forms Seimareh River.
Seimareh River enters Khorram Abad after flowing a long distance and adjoining various rivers. The Seimareh River crosses the "Shir Qoreh", "Howl","Qal'eh Sam" and "Papeleh" Mountains and enters the Province of Ilam. Over here at first it adjoins the "Chardavol" River and after crossing a narrow and zigzag valley of "Kooh Gavar" and "Lareh" Mountains, diverts towards the south. Thereafter, it passes by many rural areas, and after adjoining a number of rivers, it intermingles with the Ab-e-Fath River. Through the territory of "Qallah Sooreh" gains access to the Sorkheh village in the township of Dezful. On crossing the "Sorkheh-e-Naderi", it enters a wide area, and a branch of it under the name of "Shavoor" segregates and flows towards the city of Shoosh.
The main river of Kharkheh, on joining the Roofayeh River, passes by Shoosh at a distance of 2 km., and after crossing a region called "Lahyozar", 36 km. northwest of Ahvaz, diverges towards the southwest. Where it flows alongside the Hamidiyeh city and enters the rural areas of Dasht-e-Azadegan Township. Thereafter it enters "Dabestan" area and dividing into various branches it enters"Hoor-ol-Azim". It overflows in the rainy seasons and terminates to the Tigris River. The course of this river right from the beginning to the end is astonishing and interesting.
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The Karoon River, is one of the longest and most saturated rivers of Iran. It originates from the springs present in the skirts of the Vank and Zard Kooh Mountains in the village of Shurab, 91 km. from Shahr-e- Kord. With the name of Ab-e-Koohrang, it flows along the western valley of the Zard Kooh Mountains towards the south west. Entering into the Koohrang Dam Lake, a part of the water is channeled through a tunnel in the mountains, to the source of the Zayandeh Rood River, and another part, crosses the dam, and after following a long distance in the western valley of the Zard Kooh Mountains, and before entering Khuzestan, joins the Khersan River.
After which it flows through a part of the village of Mian Kooh and leaves the Province of Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiyari and enters the Khuzestan Province. At this point a few minor tributaries join it, and continues in a north eastern direction entering the village of Sosan, and the eastern valley of the Lander Mountains making its way to the northern valley of the Gozir Mountains after following a long and meandering course. On continuation of its course, the Karoon is joined by various tributaries, at 8 km. North West of Shooshtar it joins the Shoor River and after crossing this vicinity, it divides into two.
The western branch after joining the Huram River, rejoins the said in Qir. It is at this point that it intermingles with the Dez River (the most important and largest branch of Karoon river), and continuing a long course it flows towards Ahvaz. On entering Khorram Shahr, to the east, it divides into two. The western branch called Bahman Sheer flows towards south west and through Khormosi reaches the Persian Gulf. The eastern branch in the south of Khorram Shahr enters the Arvand Rood River. Just like the Karkheh River, Karoon also follows a spectacular interesting course.
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The Zohreh River is flown in the townships of Mamasani (Fars Province), Behbahan, Gachsaran and Mah Shahr. Its length is 490 km. and its height from the source is 2,850 m. This river originates from northwest of Ardakan, and passing a long course, enters the townships of Mamasani and Gachsaran under the name of Zohreh River.
After flowing through the township of Behbahan, it joins the Kheir Abad River, and finally at 36 km. to the southwest of Hindijan, flows into the Persian Gulf. The surrounding mountains, valleys, farms and gardens en route are wonderful and interesting.
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These rivers are as follows: Khur, Nahr Bahreh, Nahr Gahi and Shahur in the township of Ahvaz; Ab-e-Sar-e-Howz, Ab Sosan, Ab Shalla, Abol Abbas, A'lla, Seidoon, Ab Sosan and Morq Ab in the township of Eazeh; Ab Beed, Ab Dez, Ab Zaleki, Ab Cham Choli, Ab Sorkh, Ab Mamak, Ab Meereh, Sorkhab, Rufayeh, Golal Lab Sefid, Golal Moort, Leus, Bakhtiari, Shurlali and Golal in Dezful; Abol Fares, Ab Dareh Naj, Talkh, Dim Kharkan, Soleimani, Gozin, Gopal, Maroon, Sameh, Soordez Gili, Maleh, Ramhormoz and Lir Ab in Ramhormoz; Ab Berkeh, Ab Kiaras and Ab-e-Shoor in Masjed Soleiman; the Nahr-e-Shadegan River in Khorram Shahr.
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The same is a relic from the Sassanid period and was constructed on the Dezful River (a tributary of Dez River). The relic consists of a large room and two smaller rooms with their foundation pillars in water. It is made of stone, brick and a mixture of gypsum and ash.
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This dam has been constructed on Gerger River, and is also known as Sabi Kesh Dam. Borj-e-Ayar was the name of a vessel which was used to store jewels and gold. This dam has constructions and facilities in both sides of the Gerger River which have been used for the deviation of water.
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This dam is 203 m. in height and is considered to be the highest dam in the Middle East and ranks the sixth highest dam in the world. It is constructed on Dez River at a distance of 15 km. to the north of Dezful city. The lake of this huge dam provides a great scope for tourism exploitation and water sports facilities besides its beautiful landscape and sight-seeing areas.
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The Mazra'eh Wetland lies between the two Dez and Karkheh Rivers (south of Dezful) and part of Shavoor River flows into it. The water obtained from this vicinity is used for agricultural purposes by the inhabitants, mainly the tribal farmers. A special quality of rice, known as Hoveyzeh is cultivated here.
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The length of this wetland is 100 km. and its width ranges from 15 to 75 km. It is limited from west by the Tigris River. Throughout, the Hoor is covered by reeds. The depth of the water towards the sides is shallow while in the center it is more than 7 m. Special canoes can be used in this wetland. The nature of Hoor and specially the surrounding inhabitants are of anthropological interest.
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This is a comparatively vast wetland which lies in the south western territories of Khuzestan. Crossing Shadegan, the Jarahi River adjoins this wetland. Birds, reeds, papyrus and salt are found here. A kind of herb which favors humidity and locally is known as "Cholan" grows here and is utilized by the natives of Hoor.
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This dam is constructed across the Karkheh River and ranks as a deviating dam. The length of the dam is 192 m. and reaches a height of 9 m. Also, around this lake is a vast recreational site
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This dam, also known as the Shahid Abbaspour Dam, is constructed on Karoon River and located to the northeast of Masjed Soleiman. The dam is 200 m. in height and its crown is 380 m. in length. The lake forms an excellent area for water sports and tourism exploitations.
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This old dam is situated in the district of Lali in the township of Masjed Soleiman. The same is constructed on a river formed in the spring season that flows from the Imamzadeh Baba Ahmad Pass. The ruins of this ancient dam are still present.
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Mizan or Shapour Dam is a relic of Sassanid era and divides the Karoon River into western and eastern sections. This dam is semi-circular in shape with two diverting arms or prolongations which deviates a part of the Karoon water to flow along the eastern region known as the Gerger River, and the other along western region of the city known as Shateit River. These two water ways in the south of Shooshtar rejoin again in the Band-e-Qir region to form the great Karoon.
After the Borj Ayar Bridge many waterfalls have been naturally formed extruding the rocks upon the Gerger River. It is said that Valerian the emperor of Rome constructed this bridge. Materials used in the construction are various kinds of stone, and the arch has been designed in an intricate and spectacular form. This dam is approximately 521 m. in length. It has gone under repair during the Qajar period. The same is also reputedly known as the Khaqan Dam.
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Shadegan wetland extends over an area of 296,000 hectares, and its surface is covered by great varieties of vegetations. It creates a suitable habitat for a number of migrating waterfowls, which fly to this area from north Europe, Canada and Siberia in autumn. In this wetland there are different fish varieties which live in salt and sweet-water. This vicinity is a habitat and breeding ground for the 'Marbled Teal'   in the world, and rare bird species such as the 'Spotted Curlew' and the 'African Glossy Ibis', are also found in the surroundings of this wetland.
Generally speaking, this vicinity can be accounted as a habitat for one-third of the animal and herbal species that are on the verge of extinction.
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Other historical dams of Khuzestan Province are, Dara, Dokhtar, Qir and Khak Dams in Shooshtar which are relics of the Sassanid period.
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Besides the natural relief like the snow capped mountains to the north and east, and the warm low-lying plains, the banks of the lakes, wetlands and the beautiful coastal area of the Persian Gulf, have all contributed for creation of wildlife habitat. Karkheh has been recognized as one of the four natural areas in the country which is of great value regarding the environmental protection basis.
The wildlife area of Karkheh extends from the Sorkheh Village, located to the south of Andimeshk - Dehloran Road, up to the Khalaf Village, placed to the north of Hamidiyeh and Ahvaz. It is accounted as one of the most important natural wild life habitat, and the famous species of this region is the Iranian reign deer or yellow deer (Iranian follow deer). The Karkheh wild life habitat covers an area of 13,000 hectares.
The animal species of Khuzestan Province specially those found in wild life habitat of Karkheh are named as follows: geese, heron, duck, francolin, bustard, dull yellow partridge, partridge, turtle dove, starling, raven, leopard, deer, boar, rat, squirrel, porcupine, wild goat, wild sheep etc. which are unique in their combination with environment and nature.
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This spring is located at a distance of 120 km. on the Andimeshk - Dehloran Road. Its mineral content is of a calcium bi-carbonate composition and is useful in the treatment of skin, joint and rheumatoid disorders.
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The said spring is located at a distance of 13 km. on the Andimeshk - Ahvaz Road. Its mineral content is of a calcium bi-carbonate composition. It has therapeutic effects on rheumatoid and joint disorders.
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At the vicinity of Shooshtar there are a number of mineral water springs, out of which the mineral water spring of Gorab Village is famous. This vicinity was held sacred. People who have suffered from any pain used to gather here. The water is useful for treating skin diseases, eczema and infectious wounds. In this area, crypts from the Elamit period, earthenware from the third and second centuries B.C. have been discovered in the surrounding hillocks. There is also a tomb known as Peer Abbas, located here.
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These are named as, the Si Zangar Spring in Shooshtar; the spring of Golgir in Masjed Soleiman.
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To the south and west of Khuzestan Province there is a vast plain area which is expanded on the decaying surface of young residues belonging to Tertiary period. Most of these plains have been made of alluviums of the Karoon, Karkheh and Jarahi Rivers. This plain with a gradual slope extends towards the south up to the Persian Gulf. To its extreme north is Dezful and to the south there are flat and low plains formed by flow and ebbing of the tide.
Due to versatile climate and type of soil, some regions in Khuzestan are covered by scanty forests. The skirt of the Solak Mountain is covered by large chestnut and wild almond forests. A large forest is formed in the Karkheh River banks, which consists of bushes of large trees.
In the rainy season which is from early November till mid April a great variety of vegetation grow. In humid areas mushrooms, lichens and moss thrive. In the Bakhtiyari heights, the vegetation covering is used for feeding herds. To the north and northeast the vegetation is in a steppe form, with fig, wild almonds, chestnut and oak trees, etc.
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The forest mountain of Doto is located to the southeast of Eazeh and rises to a height of approximately 3,170 m. This mountain joins Mount Kalleh from the south and Mount Lirab from the north. The eastern skirts of this mountain join the Sirab Valley, and its western skirts adjoin the Seidoon Valley. On the western skirts, there is a small lake and spring. The mountain slopes are covered with forests, and are considered to be a part of Mongasht Mountain which is a part of the Zagross Mountain Ranges.
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The Eshkeft Deraz Mountain lies 34 km. northwest of Behbahan with an elevation of 2,330 m. The Qallat River originates from here. This mountain spans from the northwest towards southeast and a part of which is densely covered with chestnut forests.
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The Mohreh Mountain is located to the southeast of Ramhormoz with an elevation of about 2,849 m. The Talkh River originates from this place. This mountain joins Mount Tonbalan from the northwest, Mount Chadun from the south and Mount Siyah Kooh from southeast. It is a part of the Sefid Kooh Range which belongs to the Zagross Mountain Ranges. This densely forested region is on the borders of Ramhormoz, Eazeh and Kohkiluyeh townships.
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A part of the mountainous region of Mongasht is located in the township of Eazeh which has very high mountains. It is considered to be one of the longest semi branches of the Zagross Mountain Ranges. The highest peak in this area is 3,613 m. and is located at a distance of 55 km. southeast of Eazeh. The Hallaijan, Ab Zardak and Seidoon Rivers originate from the western skirts, the Lirat and Someh Rivers originate from southern slopes and three branches of the Khersan and Karoon Rivers also originate from the eastern skirts of this mountain range. A large portion of this mountain is covered by dense forests, and at the end of which a pool is formed the dimensions of 2.5 x 2.5 m. called 'Bundan'.
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This mountain reaches an elevation of 2,776 m. and is situated in the Andika Village in Masjed Soleiman. The Talluk, Poolkool and Ab Shiroon Rivers originate form the skirts of this mountain. The Sefidune Mountain is connected to Mount Zangab from the north and to Mount Monar from the southeast.
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The Shahrood Mountain is located in Mian Kooh Village of Dezful and is 2,550 m. in height. The Shahrood and Shast Mahro Rivers originate from here. This mountain joins Mount Gooshtoon from the south and Mount Birenj from the north.
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These are named as: The Tappeh Foolie, Kharaf Khoon, Khanrireh, Sarbal, Mishdakh Mountains etc. in Ahvaz; the Aram, Ahangari, Badrangan, Chella, Zarin Kooh, Saam, Gilan, Seh Paran, Soltan Ebrahim Mountains etc. in Eazeh; the Band Golal, Paznan, Sheebkar, Arboon, Qal'eh Ahmad and Mahmood Mountains etc. in Behbahan; the Beesheh Bozan, Kiga, Eskandar-e-Khandan, Pallangan, Nissarulleh, Noudar, Ab Soor Kalli Mountains etc. in Dezful; the Tonballan, Qal'eh Najaf, Dasht-e-Kallat Mountains etc. in Ramhormoz; the Ab Anbar, Pir Ahmad, Tal, Gach, Golak, Haft Cheshmeh Mountains etc. in Shooshtar; the Asmari, Anbar Asbi, Baba Zahed, Tal-e-Gavi, Chal Maidan, Gach Narges, Nounar, Abu Rastan Mountains etc. in Masjed Soleiman.
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The said museum is located in Ahmad Abad Avenue of Abadan. It is a single storied building with a dome similar to that of the Danial-e-Nabi Mausoleum. This museum was inaugurated in 1959 and was prone to damage during the imposed Iran - Iraq war. Its relics are being housed in a safe place for the time being till repairs are completed in the museum.
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The said is a single storied building, which was inaugurated in the year 1973. The building has a cement skeleton with a brick and stone facade. This museum is equipped with a library, archive, laboratory and a printing press. Its relics are temporarily being safeguarded in Tehran until repairs to the damages it suffered during the imposed Iran - Iraq War are completed.
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The Shoosh Museum is situated amidst a garden near the ancient Shoosh Castle, and opposite the Danial-e-Nabi Mausoleum. The construction of this museum coincided with the excavations at Shoosh. Thereby the bricks discovered there and in Choqazanbil were utilized in construction of this building. Some other parts have been also added to the museum in the following years. The museum was inaugurated in the year 1966 and displays remnants from the pre-Elamit to the Islamic period. The Shoosh Museum has six exhibition halls in which all the vestiges discovered during excavations made in Shoosh and Choqazanbil are on display.
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Food habits of Khuzestan people have intermingled with their occupation and type of their job.
Types of Fish: Fried fish, Mahroot, Saboor, Fish Khoresht, Sorkhoo Fish, Masmooteh, Marg Samak, Kooshk Fish, Vegetable Fish, Fish Soup, Prawn, Tandori Fish, Shoor Fish, and Kookoo.
Types of Polow: Prawn Polow, Kalam Polow, Behbahan Polow and Tah Chin.
Types of Kabab:Zard Kabab and Kabab Shireh.
The Province of Khuzestan has a wide array of local delicacies such as Aash Dowa, Kaleh Pacheh, Koofteh Berenji, Panirak, Baqala, Sa'din, Hamis Tooleh, Samosa, Siloon Va Ardeh, Toochiri, Hashow, Doroshteh, Sholeh Ardeh, Maccaroni with carrot, Qolqol, Meat Roles, Chalpateh, Mahbooseh, Meat bread, Dandro, Hariseh, Omlet, Khoresht Bamiyeh, Khoresht Shalqam, Nesha', She'riyeh, Ma'saleh Date, a variety of curries, local bread and pickles.
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In the Province of Khuzestan Shooshtari notes played in "Homayoon" musical division are very famous. Musical instruments such as "Flute", "Oboe", "Kettle drum", "Tambourine" and other instruments are used. Arab lamentations and poetry such as "Abu Ziyeh", "Atab", "Abu Tageh" or "Basteh", etc., have deeply influenced this territory. The local Arab music singers are called "Al Khashebeh" which play Arabic music. There is another local Arabic song and music known as "Alvaniyeh". In "Atab" melody there is some kind of sorrow, while "Abu Tageh" is a delighting group song which is normally accompanied with a group dance called "Talgat Asba'". Arabic musical instruments are "Motbag", "Windpipe", "Al Azabeh", "Drum", "Tambourine", "Al Zanjari", "Robab", "Santur" and "Damam".
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The township of Ahvaz is situated in the central portion of the province and has a warm and humid climate. Ahvaz is the center and largest city of the province and is located 874 km. from Tehran. In ancient times it was called "Hormozd Ardeshir" and then "Soq-ol-Ahvaz". Later on it was known as "Naseri". Some historians have mentioned it as "Algeenis".
There is a strong possibility that the city of Ahvaz is located on the site of the old city of "Taryana". Ardeshir Sassanid I rebuilt Taryana and named it "Hormozd Ardeshir". During his reign and that of his successors, the city prospered, and instead of Susa became the capital of "Suziana" (Khuzestan). At the time that the Arabs gained control of Suziana, Hormozd Ardeshir was renamed to Soq-ol-Ahvaz, which means the market of Khuzis or Hoories.
During the period of Omavi and Abbasides Caliphs, Ahvaz city flourished and became the center for the cultivation of sugar-cane. But at the end of the 3rd century A.H. due to upheavals of Saheb-ol-Zanj it witnessed a decline. Later on efforts were put for recapturing its fame, but in the mid 9th century A.H., the destruction of its large dam further more intensified the decline of the city from the former position that it was used to enjoy.
The construction of the Suez Canal, improved trade and shipping on Karoon River, and reformation of Bandar-e-Naseri as a port during the Qajar era, once again caused flourishing of Ahvaz, and its name was changed to Naseriyeh. During Pahlavi period, the city was re-gained its old name, i.e., 'Ahvaz'. At present it plays an important role regarding the cultural, economical and industrial fields in Iran as well as being one of the highly populated areas of the province.
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The township of Andimeshk is located to the north of the Khuzestan Province, on the southern slopes of Zagross Mountains and at a distance of 726 km from Tehran. It has common borders with Lurestan.
The city of Andimeshk was constructed near the ruins of the ancient city of "Lur" (Aritareen). "Lur" was a flourishing city, and its name is mentioned in the records of ancient geographers, i.e., Estakhry and Moqadasi. "Lur" continued flourishing till mid ages, since then it was demolished and turned into a ruin. In the Qajar era, Andimeshk gained further glory and importance due to construction of a castle by "Haj Saleh Khan Mokri", and thereby came to be known as "Saleh Abad", and thence Andimeshk.
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This township is situated to the east of the province, and has common borders with Kohkiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad Province. The city of Baq-e-Malek is located at a distance of 1,024 km. from Tehran. This vicinity has an ancient historical background. The elevated regions, forests, natural landscapes and rivers have provided a great opportunity for development and flourishing of this territory.
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The township of Behbahan has a semi-desert like climate, with hot scorching summers and rainy winters. Its center is Behbahan city, which is located at a distance of 1,105 km. from Tehran. The ruling center of ancient times was known as "Qobad Foreh" and "Arkan". Qobad Ebne Firooz was the first person responsible for constructing "Arrehjan" (Behbahan) city.
During the Sassanian era, the city of Arrehjan which is located at a distance of 12 km. from the current city of Behbahan was erected. After the destruction of Arrehjan city, the inhabitants flocked to Behbahan. In the 4th century B.C. the city of Arrehjan was fully populated, but in the second half of the 8th century, not a trace of Arrehjan remained, and in a short period the current city of Behbahan replaced the former.
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The said township is situated to the west of the province and it has a common border with Iraq. Its center is Sosangerd which is located at a distance of 941 km. from Tehran. It has warm and dry climate. Originally, Dasht-e-Azadehgan was known as "Bani Taraf" and in the year 1935, was changed to "Dasht-e-Mishan", and thence after the Islamic revolution, was re-named as "Dasht-e-Azadegan". The inhabitants of this vicinity are Arab tribes.
Till the year 1944, this area was a part of the Ahvaz Township. Later on it joined the Bostan district, and turned into the township of Dasht-e-Mishan (Dasht-e-Azadegan).
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The township of Dezful lies at a distance of 721 km. from Tehran, and is located to the north of Khuzestan Province. Generally, it has a desert like and comparatively dry weather with hot summers and moderate winters. The word Dezful has been derived from the words 'Dejpol' or 'Despool', and in local language it is known as 'Dezpeel'. It is said that the people who constructed the bridge, erected a fort or "Dej" right at the beginning of the same to protect the bridge. Since then the name of "Dejpol" has remained on this city.
Alike the city of Shooshtar, Dezful surpassed the city of Jondishahpur. On destruction of the latter, Dezful progressed to a greater extent. Later on due to the devastating state of its water network, which was from the Sassanid period, the city and its surroundings were subject to heavy damages. Although, Dezful remained safe from the Mongol attacks, but later on came under the Ilkhanan jurisdiction, and did not show any resistance against the attacks of Amir Teimoor.
Nader Shah was responsible for safeguarding this vicinity against the Lors, and thereby erected a castle called Dej Shah a few kilometers to the northeast of Behbahan. Presently Dezful is one of the thriving and important cities of Khuzestan Province.
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The township of Eazeh has cold winters and moderate summers, with the city of Eazeh as its center. Eazeh lies at a distance of 1,082 km. from Tehran. This land was one of the old centers of civilization, even so during the Elamit period, and was considered as one of the prospering areas. The ancient "Anzan" or "Anshan" was also located close to the city of Eazeh.
The Greeks flourished here during the time of the Selooki or Seleucidians. Even during the Sassanian period the old city of Eazeh existed. During the early Islamic period, this city proved to be one of the important cities of Khuzestan, and had an independent ruler. In the Attabak period, the city was called Malmir (Mal-e-Amir means belonging to Amir). Later on the name of Eazeh was completely forgotten, and it was during the Pahlavi reign that it was re-focused on. Till the year 1953, Eazeh was a district of Ahvaz and it was only in 1958 that it was claimed to be a township.
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The township of Khorram Shahr experiences extremely hot and humid weather, and the Port of Khorram Shahr (Bandar-e-Khorram Shahr), is located 994 km. from Tehran. In the 12th century A.H., Khorram Shahr was nothing more than a small village, and it was only in the beginning of the 13th century that it changed into a reputed sea port. It was under interest due to its strategic position, and therefore suffered repeated foreign attacks. The Ottoman Empire in the year 1883 A.D., Britain in the year 1857 A.D., and finally Iraq in the year 1980, surrounded Khorram Shahr respectively.
Discovery of oil in 19th century and proximity to the oil refinery factory of Abadan frequently added to its importance. The old name of Khorram Shahr under the influence of the red color of the Karoon River was "Mohammarreh". During the imposed war of Iraq, this city suffered heavy damages and loss, besides being occupied by the enemy for a period of 575 day, ultimately regaining its freedom on May 23, 1982.
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The township of Mah Shahr lies at a distance of 1,025 km. from Tehran, and is located to the south of the province and along the coast of the Persian Gulf. It was formerly called "Bandar-e-Ma'shoor", and even long before that it was known as "Mahruyan" and "Machuleh". In the year 1965, its name was changed to "Bandar-e-Mah Shahr". The said had been one of the most important ports for export of oil from Iran, before Kharq was facilitated.
ToDay Mah Shahr is the focal point for export of gas and refinery products in Abadan. Most of the citizens of Mah Shahr mainly have been dwelled in the old sector of city which is located at a distance of 3 km. from the new site.
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The said township is situated to the north of the province, and has common borders with Esfahan and Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiyari provinces. It accounts for being an important area as the 'winter residing quarter' for the Bakhtiyari Tribes. This township is located in the mountainous areas as well as the plains, with moderate winters and warm summers. Its center is the city of Masjed Soleiman which lies at a distance of 1,030 km. from Tehran. Masjed Soleiman is one of the important cities of Khuzestan Province regarding the oil industry.
According to archeological discoveries, evidences relative to the pre-historic ages and cavemen have been observed here. Furthermore, it is believed that Hushang Pishdadi by means of two flints (stones) discovered fire in this area. Masjed Soleiman held importance during the various reigns such as, the Elamits, Medes, Parsees, Seleucidians, Parthians and the Sassanids. This vicinity was the birthplace of Chish Pesh Parsi. Near the current city of Masjed Soleiman is the great fire-temple from the Parthian and Sassanid periods.
In the ancient times, this area was known as 'Tolqor', but in 1924 after the visit of Pahlavi I, and on his suggestion to the parliament, this vicinity was assigned Masjed Soleiman in the year 1926 by parliament, and toDay is one of the thriving and industrial cities of the province.
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The township of Ramhormoz is situated to the east of the province and experiences a warm climate. Its center is Ramhormoz city, and lies at a distance of 1,008 km. from Tehran. It has common border with the Province of Kohkiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad. Ramhormoz is a historical city and the founder is said to be Hormoz Sassani. Previously it was known as "Samangan".
In spite of being a historical city, it remained under developed. The historical territory of Ramsheer is in this township, and the ruins of the ancient site of Ramsheer are at the vicinity of 3 km. The importance of Ramshir is more due to existence of the large bridge of Ramshir, built on Jarahi (Maroon) River, which acts as a link connecting the southern sea ports with Ramshir City. In recent years, Ramhormoz has regained its importance and is considered to be one of the fast developing and important townships of Khuzestan Province.
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Shadegan is one of the southern townships of Khuzestan Province. Its center is the city of Shadegan which is located at 971 km. from Tehran. It experiences a warm and desert like climate. The old name of Shadegan was "Soroq" and its central government city was known as "Dowraq". Soroq is one of the townships of Khuzestan and the name of a river around which by the order of Ardeshir, the son of Bahman Esfandiyar some cities were excavated. Currently the city of Shadegan has expanded and is famous for its woven sleeveless cloaks (aba).
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The township of Shoosh is located to the northwest of the province, and has common borders with the Ilam Province. Its center is the city of Shoosh which is at a distance of 1,010 km. from Tehran. It experiences a hot climate. Susa is considered to be one of the oldest centers of civilization throughout the globe. In archeological excavations, relics related to the pre-historic era have been discovered here. The Elamits were the first clans who were responsible for its flourishment.
During this reign Susa was proclaimed as a capital. Even after the Achaemenians gained control over Susa, the latter sustained its splendor and was selected as the winter capital by Darius the Achaemenid. Till the beginning of the control by the Muslims, Shoosh continued to thrive. In the year 1898 A.D., the famous Castle of Shoosh was constructed by "Morgan" on the northern part of the Acropol hill. The ancient name of Shoosh was 'Soos' or 'Dasht-e-Soosiana', and later on was changed to Shoosh.
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The township of Shooshtar is located at a distance of 831 km. from Tehran and has cold winters, but is warm for the rest of the year. Shooshtar lies to the north of Ahvaz. According to the Iranian mythology, the founder of this city is supposed to be Hushang Pishdadi. The conquest of Shooshtar by the Muslims took place in the Omar caliphate period. Shooshtar at the times of Bani Omayeh, was in hands of "Khavarej" (those who had turned against religion).
In the year 820 A.H., Amir Teimoor conquered this area and thereafter it became the center of the Shiite sect. In 1165-1167 A.H. Nader Shah continuously attacked this vicinity and in these battles many were killed. During the reign of Fathali Shah Qajar, the cities of Shooshtar, Dezful and Hoveyzeh, became a part of the Kermanshah Province. In the reign of Mozzafar-edin-Shah, segregation among the two groups of "Heydari" and "Ne'mati" increased to its highest level, and Khaz'al Khan encouraged the Arabs to assault Shooshtar. In Pahlavi era, after repeated unrest, the region ultimately gained peace, and toDay is considered to be one of the important cities of Khuzestan Province.
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